Objective: To observe the effect of different processing methods on the quality of Codonopsis Radix and provide data reference for the reasonable processing in the producing areas.Methods: An analytical strategy that ...Objective: To observe the effect of different processing methods on the quality of Codonopsis Radix and provide data reference for the reasonable processing in the producing areas.Methods: An analytical strategy that combined quantitative and HPLC fingerprint analysis with chemometrics was developed for the quality evaluation of Codonopsis Radix. Lobetyolin, polysaccharide, sucrose,glucose, and fructose were detected simultaneously in Codonopsis Radix samples treated with different processing methods including dryer-drying, sun-drying, shade-drying, sulfur fumigation, and kneading,etc.Results: The results showed that different processing methods had an obvious impact on the quality of Codonopsis Radix. Sun-drying or shade-drying was recommended, and sulfur fumigation should be avoided. And dryer-drying at 40 °C-50 °C was suggested to meet the requirement for large scale processing. In addition, based on the content of polysaccharide, glucose, and fructose, it was advised to knead for three times. As for lobetyolin and sucrose, kneading should be avoided.Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated that processing method had a big impact on the quality of Codonopsis Radix. Based on the results, the appropriate processing methods directed at different requirements were recommended. The study could lay a foundation for the reasonable processing of Codonopsis Radix in producing areas.展开更多
Genus Kadsura Kaempf. ex Juss. includes important medicinal plants widely used in the south and southwest of China. The stems and roots are effective in activating blood and resolving stasis, promoting q/circulation t...Genus Kadsura Kaempf. ex Juss. includes important medicinal plants widely used in the south and southwest of China. The stems and roots are effective in activating blood and resolving stasis, promoting q/circulation to relieve pain, dispelling wind and eliminating dampness, in which lignans and triterpenoids are the major bioactive constituents. Here we summarized the chemical constituents isolated from genus Kadsura Kaempf. ex Juss., which would provide a primary and strategic platform for further exploiting the medicinal value and resources of genus Kadsura Kaempf. ex Juss.展开更多
Objective To comprehensively map the distribution patterns of native medicinal plants of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China; To find the environmental determinants and to give suggestions for the conservation pla...Objective To comprehensively map the distribution patterns of native medicinal plants of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China; To find the environmental determinants and to give suggestions for the conservation planning of medicinal plants in Xinjiang region. Methods Firstly, we compiled the distribution data of native medicinal plants at a county level in Xinjiang region, including the source plants of Chinese Materia Medica (CMM), Uygur Medicine (UM), and Kazak Medicine (KM); Secondly, we divided the distribution data into grid with a resolution of 0.1~ x 0.1~ and overlaid it on the topography and climate data in Arcgis 10.0; Finally, we analyzed the correlations of medicinal plant richness and environmental variables with ordinary least square (OLS) regressions and partial regressions. Results UM has more non-native species in Xinjiang region than KM. The species richness of medicinal plants is high in Altay Mountains, western Tianshan Mountains, and part of Kunlun Mountains. The richness of medicinal plants is highly correlated with the vascular plant species richness and climate, and further, the independent effects of vascular plant species richness are higher than the independent effects of climate. The whole plant, root & rhizome, and seed & fruit are more frequently used than stem and leaf for CMM in Xinjiang region. Conclusion The distribution patterns of medicinal plants are concordant with vascular plant species, which could be carefully considered in the conservation planning of this region. Taking full advantage of current nature reserves is a low-costing approach to the conservation of medicinal plants although they were not originally established for medicinal plant protection. Nevertheless, it is urgent to further study the distributions and protection status of medicinal plants in the nature reserves of Xinjiang region.展开更多
Objective: According to theory of Chinese medicine property, the ecological environment shapes properties(natures and flavors) of Chinese materia medica(CMM) and there are close relationships between certain natures a...Objective: According to theory of Chinese medicine property, the ecological environment shapes properties(natures and flavors) of Chinese materia medica(CMM) and there are close relationships between certain natures and flavors. However, to date these observations have not been validated scientifically in the context of the whole flora of a region. The present study aims to address this gap.Methods: We collected geographical distributions of 3637 vascular plant species native to the Xinjiang region of northwest China, of which around 812 are medicinal plants. The CMM property characters of these medicinal plants were also collected. All medicinal plants were then analyzed in the occurrence of their natures(cold, cool, neutral, warm, and hot) and flavors(sweet, bitter, sour, salty, and pungent). Possible correlations between these properties and environmental factors, notably climate, as well as correlations with plant species richness of the wider native flora of Xinjiang were then investigated using permutation test and regression.Results: Cold species(38.5%) were more numerous than warm(21.0%) and neutral(22.3%), while bitter species(43.3%) were more numerous than pungent(25.6%), sweet(22.4%) and sour(6.7%) ones. Species with bitter flavor were most commonly also cold(48.6%) in nature, sour flavor usually coincided with cold(44.2%) or cool nature(26.0%), whereas pungent or sweet species tended to be warm(34.4%, 28.4%) or neutral(27.8%, 28.4%). The percentages of species of cold/cool nature, bitter flavor were higher in mountainous regions, and the percentages of warm/neutral and pungent/sweet/sour were higher in basins. The percentages of species of cold/cool, bitter were positively correlated with actual evapotranspiration(AET),and also plant species richness but had a bell-shaped relationship with potential evapotranspiration(PET),whereas the inverse situation was shown for warm/neutral and pungent/sweet/sour species.Conclusion: Analysis of the data in Xinjiang region of China supports the qualitative observations concerning natures and flavors in traditional theory of Chinese medicine property. Specifically,(i) certain natures and flavors co-occur more frequently than if randomly distributed;(ii) correlations between proportions of natures and flavors and climatic variables suggest a role for the environment in shaping the properties of CMM.展开更多
Objective: To identify Kadsura interior(Dian Ji Xue Teng, Schisandraceae) by using DNA barcoding.Methods: We analyzed five DNA barcodes(ITS, ITS2, psb A-trn H, mat K and rbc L) using DNA barcoding in terms of distance...Objective: To identify Kadsura interior(Dian Ji Xue Teng, Schisandraceae) by using DNA barcoding.Methods: We analyzed five DNA barcodes(ITS, ITS2, psb A-trn H, mat K and rbc L) using DNA barcoding in terms of distance-based,tree-based and character-based identification to distinguish Kadsura interior and its adulterants.Results: In distance-based and tree-based identification, K. interior could be distinguished easily from the species of Schisandra and K. coccinea.In character-based identification, there are two single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) in ITS and one SNP in psb A-trn H which can be used to distinguish K. interior from K. heteroclita and K. longipedunculata.Conclusion: The results indicate that DNA barcoding can be used to identify K. interior. ITS and psb A-trnH sequence can be the most ideal DNA barcode for discriminating K. interior and its adulterants by the combination analysis of distance-based, tree-based and character-based identification(SNPs).展开更多
Objective:Dianjixueteng is a geoherb in Yunnan Province,the source plant of which is Kadsura interior.However,the formation of this geoherb is not clear in genetic mechanism,in which genome size is the first step that...Objective:Dianjixueteng is a geoherb in Yunnan Province,the source plant of which is Kadsura interior.However,the formation of this geoherb is not clear in genetic mechanism,in which genome size is the first step that should be known on the genomic level.In this study we aimed to estimate the genome sizes of source plants of K.interior and three related herbs K.heteroclita,K.longipedunculata,and K.coccinea by flow cytometry(FCM)and make a comparison.Methods:The genome sizes of K.interior,K.heteroclita,K.longipedunculata and K.coccinea,i.e.,the source plants of Dianjixueteng and its relative medicinal materials,were estimated by FCM.The nuclei of K.interior were isolated using modified LB01 buffer,for the rest species,by the Galbraith’s buffer.Results:The genome sizes of K.interior,K.heteroclita,K.longipedunculata,and K.coccinea were 7.36,7.12,7.01,and 5.15 pg/1 C,respectively.Genome size of K.interior had no significant variation with those of K.heteroclita and K.longipedunculata(P=0.296),which was significantly larger than that of K.coccinea.Conclusion:Genome size can not distinguish K.interior from K.heteroclita and K.longipedunculata,but could distinguish them from K.coccinea,which lays the foundation for future studies on genetic mechanism of the geoherb formation.展开更多
Objective:Schisandra sphenanthera and S.chinensis are the two important medicinal plants that have long been used under the names of"Nan-Wuweizi"and"Wuweizi",respectively.The misuse of"NanWuwe...Objective:Schisandra sphenanthera and S.chinensis are the two important medicinal plants that have long been used under the names of"Nan-Wuweizi"and"Wuweizi",respectively.The misuse of"NanWuweizi"and"Wuweizi"in herbal medical products calls for an accurate method to distinguish these herbs.Chloroplast(cp)genomes have been widely used in species delimitation and phylogeny due to their uniparental inheritance and lower substitution rates than that of the nuclear genomes.To develop more efficient DNA markers for distinguishing S.sphenanthera,S.chinensis,and the related species,we sequenced the cp genome ofS.sphenanthera and compared it to that of S.chinensis.Methods:The cp genome of S.sphenanthera was sequenced at the lllumina HiSeq platform,and the reference-guided mapping of contigs was obtained with a de novo assembly procedure.Then,comparative analyses of the cp genomes of S.sphenanthera and S.chinensis were carried out.Results:The cp genome of S.sphenanthera was 146853 bp in length and consisted of a large single copy(LSC)region of 95627 bp,a small single copy(SSC)region of 18292 bp,and a pair of inverted repeats(IR)of 16467 bp.GC content was 39.6%.A total of 126 functional genes were predicted,of which 113 genes were unique,including 79 protein-coding genes,30 transfer RNA(tRNA)genes,and four ribosomal RNA(rRNA)genes.Five tRNA,four protein-coding genes,and all rRNA were duplicated in the IR regions.There were 18 intron-containing genes,including six tRNA genes and 12 protein-coding genes.In addition,45 SSRs were detected.The whole cp genome of S.sphenanthera was 123 bp longer than that of S.chinensis.A total of 474 SNPs and 97 InDels were identified.Five genetic regions with high levels of variation(Pi>0.015),trnS-trnG,ccsA-ndhD,psbI-trnS,trnT-psbD and ndhF-rpl32 were revealed.Conclusion:We reported the cp genome ofS.sphenanthera and revealed the SNPs and InDels between the cp genomes of S.sphenanthera and S.chinensis.This study shed light on the species identification and further phylogenetic study within the genus of Schisandra.展开更多
基金supported by the Project of Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission (No. Z161100000116101)CAMS Initiative for Innovative Medicine (CAMS-I2M-1-010)
文摘Objective: To observe the effect of different processing methods on the quality of Codonopsis Radix and provide data reference for the reasonable processing in the producing areas.Methods: An analytical strategy that combined quantitative and HPLC fingerprint analysis with chemometrics was developed for the quality evaluation of Codonopsis Radix. Lobetyolin, polysaccharide, sucrose,glucose, and fructose were detected simultaneously in Codonopsis Radix samples treated with different processing methods including dryer-drying, sun-drying, shade-drying, sulfur fumigation, and kneading,etc.Results: The results showed that different processing methods had an obvious impact on the quality of Codonopsis Radix. Sun-drying or shade-drying was recommended, and sulfur fumigation should be avoided. And dryer-drying at 40 °C-50 °C was suggested to meet the requirement for large scale processing. In addition, based on the content of polysaccharide, glucose, and fructose, it was advised to knead for three times. As for lobetyolin and sucrose, kneading should be avoided.Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated that processing method had a big impact on the quality of Codonopsis Radix. Based on the results, the appropriate processing methods directed at different requirements were recommended. The study could lay a foundation for the reasonable processing of Codonopsis Radix in producing areas.
基金National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(81001609,81373913)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Scientific Research Institutes for Public Welfare
文摘Genus Kadsura Kaempf. ex Juss. includes important medicinal plants widely used in the south and southwest of China. The stems and roots are effective in activating blood and resolving stasis, promoting q/circulation to relieve pain, dispelling wind and eliminating dampness, in which lignans and triterpenoids are the major bioactive constituents. Here we summarized the chemical constituents isolated from genus Kadsura Kaempf. ex Juss., which would provide a primary and strategic platform for further exploiting the medicinal value and resources of genus Kadsura Kaempf. ex Juss.
基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2014M550028)Traditional Chinese Medicine Industry Research Special Project(201207002)Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Natural Science Foundation(2012211A109)
文摘Objective To comprehensively map the distribution patterns of native medicinal plants of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China; To find the environmental determinants and to give suggestions for the conservation planning of medicinal plants in Xinjiang region. Methods Firstly, we compiled the distribution data of native medicinal plants at a county level in Xinjiang region, including the source plants of Chinese Materia Medica (CMM), Uygur Medicine (UM), and Kazak Medicine (KM); Secondly, we divided the distribution data into grid with a resolution of 0.1~ x 0.1~ and overlaid it on the topography and climate data in Arcgis 10.0; Finally, we analyzed the correlations of medicinal plant richness and environmental variables with ordinary least square (OLS) regressions and partial regressions. Results UM has more non-native species in Xinjiang region than KM. The species richness of medicinal plants is high in Altay Mountains, western Tianshan Mountains, and part of Kunlun Mountains. The richness of medicinal plants is highly correlated with the vascular plant species richness and climate, and further, the independent effects of vascular plant species richness are higher than the independent effects of climate. The whole plant, root & rhizome, and seed & fruit are more frequently used than stem and leaf for CMM in Xinjiang region. Conclusion The distribution patterns of medicinal plants are concordant with vascular plant species, which could be carefully considered in the conservation planning of this region. Taking full advantage of current nature reserves is a low-costing approach to the conservation of medicinal plants although they were not originally established for medicinal plant protection. Nevertheless, it is urgent to further study the distributions and protection status of medicinal plants in the nature reserves of Xinjiang region.
基金funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC 81560660, 81503183)
文摘Objective: According to theory of Chinese medicine property, the ecological environment shapes properties(natures and flavors) of Chinese materia medica(CMM) and there are close relationships between certain natures and flavors. However, to date these observations have not been validated scientifically in the context of the whole flora of a region. The present study aims to address this gap.Methods: We collected geographical distributions of 3637 vascular plant species native to the Xinjiang region of northwest China, of which around 812 are medicinal plants. The CMM property characters of these medicinal plants were also collected. All medicinal plants were then analyzed in the occurrence of their natures(cold, cool, neutral, warm, and hot) and flavors(sweet, bitter, sour, salty, and pungent). Possible correlations between these properties and environmental factors, notably climate, as well as correlations with plant species richness of the wider native flora of Xinjiang were then investigated using permutation test and regression.Results: Cold species(38.5%) were more numerous than warm(21.0%) and neutral(22.3%), while bitter species(43.3%) were more numerous than pungent(25.6%), sweet(22.4%) and sour(6.7%) ones. Species with bitter flavor were most commonly also cold(48.6%) in nature, sour flavor usually coincided with cold(44.2%) or cool nature(26.0%), whereas pungent or sweet species tended to be warm(34.4%, 28.4%) or neutral(27.8%, 28.4%). The percentages of species of cold/cool nature, bitter flavor were higher in mountainous regions, and the percentages of warm/neutral and pungent/sweet/sour were higher in basins. The percentages of species of cold/cool, bitter were positively correlated with actual evapotranspiration(AET),and also plant species richness but had a bell-shaped relationship with potential evapotranspiration(PET),whereas the inverse situation was shown for warm/neutral and pungent/sweet/sour species.Conclusion: Analysis of the data in Xinjiang region of China supports the qualitative observations concerning natures and flavors in traditional theory of Chinese medicine property. Specifically,(i) certain natures and flavors co-occur more frequently than if randomly distributed;(ii) correlations between proportions of natures and flavors and climatic variables suggest a role for the environment in shaping the properties of CMM.
基金the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project No.81373913)
文摘Objective: To identify Kadsura interior(Dian Ji Xue Teng, Schisandraceae) by using DNA barcoding.Methods: We analyzed five DNA barcodes(ITS, ITS2, psb A-trn H, mat K and rbc L) using DNA barcoding in terms of distance-based,tree-based and character-based identification to distinguish Kadsura interior and its adulterants.Results: In distance-based and tree-based identification, K. interior could be distinguished easily from the species of Schisandra and K. coccinea.In character-based identification, there are two single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) in ITS and one SNP in psb A-trn H which can be used to distinguish K. interior from K. heteroclita and K. longipedunculata.Conclusion: The results indicate that DNA barcoding can be used to identify K. interior. ITS and psb A-trnH sequence can be the most ideal DNA barcode for discriminating K. interior and its adulterants by the combination analysis of distance-based, tree-based and character-based identification(SNPs).
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.81872965,81703650)。
文摘Objective:Dianjixueteng is a geoherb in Yunnan Province,the source plant of which is Kadsura interior.However,the formation of this geoherb is not clear in genetic mechanism,in which genome size is the first step that should be known on the genomic level.In this study we aimed to estimate the genome sizes of source plants of K.interior and three related herbs K.heteroclita,K.longipedunculata,and K.coccinea by flow cytometry(FCM)and make a comparison.Methods:The genome sizes of K.interior,K.heteroclita,K.longipedunculata and K.coccinea,i.e.,the source plants of Dianjixueteng and its relative medicinal materials,were estimated by FCM.The nuclei of K.interior were isolated using modified LB01 buffer,for the rest species,by the Galbraith’s buffer.Results:The genome sizes of K.interior,K.heteroclita,K.longipedunculata,and K.coccinea were 7.36,7.12,7.01,and 5.15 pg/1 C,respectively.Genome size of K.interior had no significant variation with those of K.heteroclita and K.longipedunculata(P=0.296),which was significantly larger than that of K.coccinea.Conclusion:Genome size can not distinguish K.interior from K.heteroclita and K.longipedunculata,but could distinguish them from K.coccinea,which lays the foundation for future studies on genetic mechanism of the geoherb formation.
基金This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.81703650)the CAMS Initiative for Innovative Medicine(CAMS-I2M)(Grant No.2016-I2M-2-003).The funders had no role in study design,data collection and analysis,decision to publish,or preparation of the manuscript.
文摘Objective:Schisandra sphenanthera and S.chinensis are the two important medicinal plants that have long been used under the names of"Nan-Wuweizi"and"Wuweizi",respectively.The misuse of"NanWuweizi"and"Wuweizi"in herbal medical products calls for an accurate method to distinguish these herbs.Chloroplast(cp)genomes have been widely used in species delimitation and phylogeny due to their uniparental inheritance and lower substitution rates than that of the nuclear genomes.To develop more efficient DNA markers for distinguishing S.sphenanthera,S.chinensis,and the related species,we sequenced the cp genome ofS.sphenanthera and compared it to that of S.chinensis.Methods:The cp genome of S.sphenanthera was sequenced at the lllumina HiSeq platform,and the reference-guided mapping of contigs was obtained with a de novo assembly procedure.Then,comparative analyses of the cp genomes of S.sphenanthera and S.chinensis were carried out.Results:The cp genome of S.sphenanthera was 146853 bp in length and consisted of a large single copy(LSC)region of 95627 bp,a small single copy(SSC)region of 18292 bp,and a pair of inverted repeats(IR)of 16467 bp.GC content was 39.6%.A total of 126 functional genes were predicted,of which 113 genes were unique,including 79 protein-coding genes,30 transfer RNA(tRNA)genes,and four ribosomal RNA(rRNA)genes.Five tRNA,four protein-coding genes,and all rRNA were duplicated in the IR regions.There were 18 intron-containing genes,including six tRNA genes and 12 protein-coding genes.In addition,45 SSRs were detected.The whole cp genome of S.sphenanthera was 123 bp longer than that of S.chinensis.A total of 474 SNPs and 97 InDels were identified.Five genetic regions with high levels of variation(Pi>0.015),trnS-trnG,ccsA-ndhD,psbI-trnS,trnT-psbD and ndhF-rpl32 were revealed.Conclusion:We reported the cp genome ofS.sphenanthera and revealed the SNPs and InDels between the cp genomes of S.sphenanthera and S.chinensis.This study shed light on the species identification and further phylogenetic study within the genus of Schisandra.