塔里木河下游胡杨林胸径结构及林木分布特征

采用"面"上宏观调查与"点"上典型研究相结合,集中对塔里木河下游阿拉干断面100hm2的胡杨(Populus euphratica)林木分布与胸径结构进行了调查。结果发现,在距河道0-20m的范围内,胸径为0-4cm的幼龄胡杨占最多,达到13.24%。以后随着离河道距离的增加,幼龄胡杨所占比例逐渐减小。胸径分布范围简单,胸径为16-36cm的林木株数在胡杨林中所占的比例最多。另外,随着离河道距离的增加,胸径在48cm以上的过熟林和衰老林的比例逐渐增多。距河道0-200m的范围内,胡杨分布占整个胡杨林的80%以上。其中以疏失度为0-50%的长势较好的胡杨为主。在200-400m的范围内,疏失度为50%-75%的长势较差的过熟林和衰老林的比例开始增多。距河道400m以上,胡杨密度开始急剧下降,胡杨株数所占的比例几乎下降到5%以下。

塔里木河下游生态输水过程中荒漠河岸林活力恢复监测

根据近5年来对塔里木河下游荒漠河岸林植被的监测数据,分析了生态输水后植物活力的恢复状况。结果显示:应急生态输水增加了塔里木河下游的生物多样性,使原本面临死亡的荒漠河岸植被重新复活,而且不同程度上促进了胡杨群落的自然更新;在近河道50m的范围内均出现了少量的胡杨、柽柳实生苗,并且在离河道150m的范围内已经有相当数量的胡杨次生苗,在离河道400m范围内大约有25%的胡杨均有不同程度的基部新枝萌蘖。通过生态输水后地下水位的逐步抬升,河道两岸的低阶地发育着一定面积的草甸植被,形成了由胡杨、柽柳和草本植物所组成的干旱区非地带性河岸稀疏植被群落,说明应急生态输水对于胡杨为建群种的荒漠河岸林植被的恢复和自然更新产生了积极的影响。

塔里木河下游输水恢复过程中胡杨生长对地下水位的响应

通过近几年对塔里木河下游3个典型断面的胡杨各项生态指标的实地监测,分析了输水恢复过程中胡杨生长对地下水位的响应程度。研究表明:(1)河岸胡杨林生长与地下水埋深有密切的关系,通过10次生态输水,下游河道沿岸的地下水得到补充,水位明显抬升,胡杨长势也随着地下水位的抬升有不同程度的好转。(2)地下水位愈深,胡杨的干旱胁迫程度愈强。横向上,胡杨对生态输水的响应随着河道距离的增加逐渐减弱;纵向上,从上段至下段胡杨生长对输水的响应范围逐渐减小。(3)在输水河道两侧过水湿润岸滩,虽有胡杨实生苗零星出现,但就目前输水方式,还无法实现胡杨大面积繁殖更新。

胡杨冠幅对塔里木河下游应急生态输水的响应

以塔里木河下游10次生态输水的效果为背景,根据近5 a在塔里木河下游阿拉干断面的大量野外调查数据,分析了胡杨冠幅对应急生态输水的响应。结果显示:随着输水次数的增加,胡杨冠幅呈梯度变化的趋势,输水对增加胡杨叶量和活枝有一定的促进作用,不同冠幅级的胡杨主要分布在距河道200 m的范围,且其分布都与离河道距离呈显著负相关关系,由于离河道距离的不同,胡杨冠幅对输水响应也不一样;总体趋势为,随着离河道距离(地下水埋深)的增加,胡杨冠幅变化幅度不明显。

NaCl胁迫下不同种源胡杨种子萌发特性

以不同种源胡杨种子萌发特性与环境因子的关系和NaCl胁迫下的相关研究为目标。在南疆、北疆选择11个种源,对不同种源种子进行发芽测定,选定发芽率较高的种源,并其不同NaCl浓度（0、50、100、150、200、225、250、275mmol·L^-1及300mmol·L^-1）下进行盐胁迫,在1/2MS培养基上进行发芽试验。结果表明：1）11个种源种子的发芽率有显著差异,由8、9和11种源的种子活力较高,平均发芽率分别为55.0%、55.8%和78.0%。种子发芽率与环境因子之间存在相关性。其中,年降水量与发芽率表现显著的正相关;2）在NaCl胁迫下,种源9和种源11的发芽率有一定的变化,当NaCl浓度为50mmol·L^-1时种源9的相对发芽率极显著地高于CK（121.58%）。随着NaCl浓度的升高发芽受不同程度的抑制,使种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数均有所降低,NaCl浓度为50-150 mmol·L^-1时种源间有显著差异,NaCl浓度升到275 mmol·L^-1和300mmol·L^-1时种源11发芽势为7%和5%,发芽指数为1.4和1.1,而种源9为0。在不同浓度NaCl胁迫下,除了50mmol·L^-1浓度外,种源9的盐害率均高于种源11,说明在种子发芽期间,种源11不但发芽整齐而且更耐盐胁迫。

Spatio-temporal Variability of Soil Water at Three Seasonal Floodplain Sites: A Case Study in Tarim Basin,Northwest China

The floodplain vegetation of the Tarim River in Northwest China is strongly influenced by irrigated agriculture. The abstraction of river water disturbs the natural dynamics of the floodplain ecosystem. The human impact on the hydrological system by bank dams and the irrigation of cotton plantings have caused adverse changes of the Tarim River and its floodplains, so the current stocks of the typical Tugai vegetation show significant signs of degradation. Field studies of soils and statistical analysis of soil moisture data have shown that the vitality of the Tugai vegetation is primarily determined by its position to the riverbank and the groundwater. There exist complex interactions between soil hydrological conditions and the vitality of the vegetation. But the availability of water is not only influenced by the groundwater level and seasonal flood events. The spatial distribution of stocks at different states of vitality seems also to be decisively influenced by physical soil properties. Our results show that the water supply of plant communities is strongly influenced by the soil texture. Spatial differences of soil moisture and corresponding soil water tensions may be the decisive factors for the zonation of vegetation. Physical soil properties control the water retention and rising of capillary water from deeper soil layers and the phreatic zone and may supply the root systems of the phreatophytic vegetation with water.

Modeling height–diameter relationship for Populus euphratica in the Tarim riparian forest ecosystem, Northwest China

Modeling height–diameter relationships is an important component in estimating and predicting forest development under different forest management scenarios. In this paper, ten widely used candidate height–diameter models were fitted to tree height and diameter at breast height（DBH）data for Populus euphratica Oliv. within a 100 ha permanent plots at Arghan Village in the lower reaches of the Tarim River, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China. Data from 4781 trees were used and split randomly into two sets：75 % of the data were used to estimate model parameters（model calibration）, and the remaining data（25 %） were reserved for model validation. All model performances were evaluated and compared by means of multiple model performance criteria such as asymptotic t-statistics of model parameters, standardized residuals against predicted height,root mean square error（RMSE）, Akaike’s informationcriterion（AIC）, mean prediction error（ME） and mean absolute error（MAE）. The estimated parameter a for model（6） was not statistically significant at a level of a = 0.05. RMSE and AIC test result for all models showed that exponential models（1）,（2）,（3） and（4） performed significantly better than others. All ten models had very small MEs and MAEs. Nearly all models underestimated tree heights except for model（6）. Comparing the MEs and MAEs of models, model（1） produced smaller MEs（0.0059） and MAEs（1.3754） than other models. To assess the predictive performance of models, we also calculated MEs by dividing the model validation data set into 10-cm DBH classes. This suggested that all models were likely to create higher mean prediction errors for tree DBH classes[20 cm. However, no clear trend was found among models.Model（6） generated significantly smaller mean prediction errors across all tree DBH classes. Considering all the aforementioned criteria, model（1）： TH ？ 1：3 t a= e1 t b？eàc？DBHT and model（6）： TH ？ 1：3 t DBH2= ea t b？DBH t c ？ DBH2T are recommended as suitable models for describing the height–diameter relationship of P. euphratica. The limitations of other models showing poor performance in predicting tree height are discussed. We provide explanations for these shortcomings.

中亚气候变化:中德合作研究成果

Central Asia(CA)occupies the hinterland of the Eurasian continent,containing the countries of Uzbekistan,Kyrgyzstan,Turkmenistan,Tajikistan,and Kazakhstan[1,2].Being isolated by the Pamir Mountains in Tajikistan,the Tibetan Plateau and the Tian Shan Mountains on the border between China and Kyrgyzstan.

胡杨部分生态指标对塔里木河下游应急输水的响应

向塔里木河下游应急生态输水对于胡杨为主体的荒漠河岸植被的恢复和自然更新产生了积极的影响。本文根据近5年对塔里木河下游阿拉干地区的大量野外调查数据,分析了应急输水对该地区地下水位上升及胡杨各项生态指标的影响。结果显示：随着应急生态输水的继续和扩大,塔河下游典型监测断面——阿拉干的地下水位逐渐抬升,水质得到改善,河道附近的地下水埋深已经由输水前的10~12m抬升至5.5~6.2m。胡杨的部分生态指标对输水有不同程度的响应;具体表现在,在垂直河道方向上,离河道越近胡杨各项生态指标,即盖度、郁闭度、冠幅、萌生枝、树冠疏失度以及次生苗和实生苗出现的频率等对输水的响应越显著。总体来说,在河道200m范围之内,生态输水对胡杨恢复的影响程度是显著的;在200~800m之间,为中度影响;800m以上的距离几乎无影响。