Bladder preservation in complicated invasive urothelial carcinoma following treatment with cisplatin/gemcitabine plus tislelizumab:A case report

BACKGROUND Invasive urothelial carcinoma(UC)with squamous and glandular differentiation is a highly malignant and complicated pathological subtype,and the standard care is radical cystectomy(RC).However,urinary diversion after RC significantly reduces patient quality of life,thus bladder-sparing therapy has become a research hotspot in this field.Recently,five immune checkpoint inhibitors have been approved for systemic therapy of locally advanced or metastatic bladder cancer by the Food and Drug Administration,but the efficacy of immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy for invasive UC is still unknown,especially for pathological subtypes with squamous and glandular differentiation.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 60-year-old male who complained of repetitive painless gross hematuria and was diagnosed with muscle-invasive bladder cancer with squamous and glandular differentiation,defined as cT3N1M0 according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer,who had a strong desire to preserve the bladder.Immunohistochemical staining revealed that programmed cell deathligand 1(PD-L1)expression in the tumor was positive.Thus,a transurethral resection to maximize removal of the bladder tumor was performed under cystoscopy,and the patient subsequently received a combination of chemotherapy(cisplatin/gemcitabine)and immunotherapy(tislelizumab)treatment.No tumor recurrence in the bladder was observed following pathological and imaging examination after 2 cycles and 4 cycles of treatment,respectively.The patient achieved bladder preservation and has been tumor-free for more than two years.CONCLUSION This case shows that the combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy might be an effective and safe treatment strategy for PD-L1 expression positive UC with divergent histologic differentiation.

Identification of cell surface markers for acute myeloid leukemia prognosis based on multi-model analysis

Given the extremely high inter-patient heterogeneity of acute myeloid leukemia(AML),the identification of biomarkers for prognostic assessment and therapeutic guidance is critical.Cell surface markers(CSMs)have been shown to play an important role in AML leukemogenesis and progression.In the current study,we evaluated the prognostic potential of all human CSMs in 130 AML patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA)based on differential gene expression analysis and univariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis.By using multi-model analysis,including Adaptive LASSO regression,LASSO regression,and Elastic Net,we constructed a 9-CSMs prognostic model for risk stratification of the AML patients.The predictive value of the 9-CSMs risk score was further validated at the transcriptome and proteome levels.Multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that the risk score was an independent prognostic factor for the AML patients.The AML patients with high 9-CSMs risk scores had a shorter overall and event-free survival time than those with low scores.Notably,single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis indicated that patients with high 9-CSMs risk scores exhibited chemotherapy resistance.Furthermore,PI3K inhibitors were identified as potential treatments for these high-risk patients.In conclusion,we constructed a 9-CSMs prognostic model that served as an independent prognostic factor for the survival of AML patients and held the potential for guiding drug therapy.

钨掺杂对LiNi_(0.88)Co_(0.09)Mn_(0.03)O_(2)前驱体生长的影响及其电化学性能

采用钨掺杂的前驱体为原料合成LiNi_(0.88)Co_(0.09)Mn_(0.03)O_(2)正极材料。X射线衍射分析表明,钨掺杂可抑制前驱体晶体沿垂直于c轴的方向生长。扫描电镜结果表明,随着钨掺杂量的增加,正极材料的一次颗粒粒度呈减小的趋势。电化学表征证实钨掺杂的优势。掺钨量为0.4%(质量分数)的正极材料相比空白样品具有显著提高的电化学性能,以10C电流密度分别在25和45℃下循环100周后,分别具有94.68%和89.63%的容量保持率。同时,钨掺杂还可抑制材料在循环时产生晶间裂纹。因此,得益于钨掺杂对材料成分调节及微观结构调控的协同作用,锂离子在材料中的扩散速率增加,材料的结构稳定性提高。

STABILITY OF THE RAREFACTION WAVE IN THE SINGULAR LIMIT OF A SHARP INTERFACE PROBLEM FOR THE COMPRESSIBLE NAVIER-STOKES/ALLEN-CAHN SYSTEM

This paper is concerned with the global well-posedness of the solution to the compressible Navier-Stokes/Allen-Cahn system and its sharp interface limit in one-dimensional space.For the perturbations with small energy but possibly large oscillations of rarefaction wave solutions near phase separation,and where the strength of the initial phase field could be arbitrarily large,we prove that the solution of the Cauchy problem exists for all time,and converges to the centered rarefaction wave solution of the corresponding standard two-phase Euler equation as the viscosity and the thickness of the interface tend to zero.The proof is mainly based on a scaling argument and a basic energy method.

Effects of acetylcysteine on micro-inflammation and pulmonary ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation

BACKGROUND Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD)is a serious complication of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,often characterized by increased morbidity and mortality.In traditional Chinese medicine,AECOPD is linked to phlegm-heat and blood-stasis,presenting symptoms like thick sputum,fever,and chest pain.It has been shown that acetylcysteine inhalation in conjunction with conventional therapy significantly reduced inflammatory markers and improved lung function parameters in patients with AECOPD,suggesting that acetylcysteine may be an important adjunctive therapy for patients with phlegm-heat-blood stasis type AECOPD.AIM To investigate the effect of acetylcysteine on microinflammation and lung ventilation in patients with phlegm-heat and blood-stasis-type AECOPD.METHODS One hundred patients with phlegm-heat and blood-stasis-type AECOPD were randomly assigned to two groups.The treatment group received acetylcysteine inhalation(10%solution,5 mL,twice daily)along with conventional therapy,whereas the control group received only conventional therapy.The treatment duration was 14 d.Inflammatory markers(C-reactive protein,interleukin-6,and tumor necrosis factor-alpha)in the serum and sputum as well as lung function parameters(forced expiratory volume in one second,forced vital capacity,and peak expiratory flow)were assessed pre-and post-treatment.Acetylcysteine inhalation led to significant reductions in inflammatory markers and improvements in lung function parameters compared to those in the control group(P<0.05).This suggests that acetylcysteine could serve as an effective adjunct therapy for patients with phlegm-heat and blood-stasis-type AECOPD.RESULTS Acetylcysteine inhalation significantly reduced inflammatory markers in the serum and sputum and improved lung ventilation function parameters in patients with phlegm-heat and blood-stasis type AECOPD compared with the control group.These differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).The study concluded that acetylcysteine inhalation had a positive effect on microinflammation and lung ventilation function in patients with this type of AECOPD,suggesting its potential as an adjuvant therapy for such cases.CONCLUSION Acetylcysteine inhalation demonstrated significant improvements in reducing inflammatory markers in the serum and sputum,as well as enhancing lung ventilation function parameters in patients with phlegm-heat and bloodstasis type AECOPD.These findings suggest that acetylcysteine could serve as a valuable adjuvant therapy for individuals with this specific type of AECOPD,offering benefits for managing microinflammation and optimizing lung function.

Contract Mechanism of Water Environment Regulation for Small and Medium Sized Enterprises Based on Optimal Control Theory

The small and scattered enterprise pattern in the county economy has formed numerous sporadic pollution sources, hindering the centralized treatment of the water environment, increasing the cost and difficulty of treatment. How enterprises can make reasonable decisions on their water environment behavior based on the external environment and their own factors is of great significance for scientifically and effectively designing water environment regulation mechanisms. Based on optimal control theory, this study investigates the design of contractual mechanisms for water environmental regulation for small and medium-sized enterprises. The enterprise is regarded as an independent economic entity that can adopt optimal control strategies to maximize its own interests. Based on the participation of multiple subjects including the government, enterprises, and the public, an optimal control strategy model for enterprises under contractual water environmental regulation is constructed using optimal control theory, and a method for calculating the amount of unit pollutant penalties is derived. The water pollutant treatment cost data of a paper company is selected to conduct empirical numerical analysis on the model. The results show that the increase in the probability of government regulation and public participation, as well as the decrease in local government protection for enterprises, can achieve the same regulatory effect while reducing the number of administrative penalties per unit. Finally, the implementation process of contractual water environmental regulation for small and medium-sized enterprises is designed.

Erratum to “Contract Mechanism of Water Environment Regulation for Small and Medium Sized Enterprises Based on Optimal Control Theory” [Journal of Water Resource and Protection Vol.16 No.7 2024]

The original online version of this article (Zhao, S., Gu, H.B., Xue, L.F., Wang, D.S. and Huang, B. (2024) Contract Mechanism of Water Environment Regu-lation for Small and Medium Sized Enterprises Based on Optimal Control Theory. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 16, 538-556. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2024.167030) unfortunately contains a mis-take. The second institution is “China Renewable Energy Engineering Insti-tute, Beijing, China”, not “China Renewable Engineering Institute, Beijing, China”.

对BJH方法计算孔径分布过程的解读

介绍了用BJH方法计算介孔孔径分布时对孔隙做了哪些几何假设和忽略、为简化计算做了哪些算术近似,以及各个参数的推导过程、孔径分布计算步骤和要点;还介绍了在目前仪器水平下BJH方法的适用范围,如何对数据进一步整理以便得到所需要的分析测试报告。文章为后续调整测试参数、改进测试方法也有一定的参考作用,还讨论了在阅读实验报告时经常遇到的一些问题。

对BET方程中C的探讨

从动力学和统计热力学角度介绍了BET方程中C的物理意义,分析了C的大小对吸附等温线形状的影响,推导了吸附等温线上拐点、B点位置和C大小的关系以及达到单程吸附量时C与相对压力、覆盖表面分数的关系。文章用数学方法介绍了保证C为正值的方法,解释了数据分析中的一个常见现象,还从BET方程的数学形式及物理意义探讨了C的下限。

对BET数据处理过程的解读

详细介绍了由实验数据计算BET参数和获得比表面积值的过程,介绍了所得BET参数间应遵循的5条数学关系,并尝试进行了一些探讨。还介绍了实验标准偏差的推导过程,简要介绍了测量不确定度评定及在BET分析测试中的应用结论。文章还提醒人们在用BET模型分析金属-有机框架(MOFs)等材料时要给予特别的注意。

双层社会背景下恐怖融资的现状与应对

传统恐怖融资手段通过犯罪活动与合法手段的双重形式筹集资金。随着网络时代的到来,异化的恐怖融资手段通过虚拟货币洗钱、暗网进行非法贸易等新方式,具有极强的匿名性、广泛性与技术性。联合国等国际组织、美国与我国均在立法与实践上对传统恐怖融资进行应对,但对于双层社会背景下的新型网络恐怖融资行为,只有推进网络恐怖融资的专门立法、发动个人与社会力量监管、创新互联网监管机制,才能实现对恐怖组织有生力量的最根本打击。

货币收入、工作条件与农村中小学教师换教与退教意愿——基于重庆、宁夏基线调查数据的实证研究

本文采用重庆和宁夏入校调查数据,在控制教师个体特征、职业特征及区县固定效应条件下,就货币收入和工作条件对教师换教与退教意愿的影响作用进行逻辑回归分析。研究发现,当前农村教师的工资收入和津补贴收入偏低,缺少外部竞争力,样本中有超过三分之一的教师有换教或退教的打算。提升教师工资和津补贴收入能有效降低教师的换教意愿,而教师退教意愿只受津补贴收入的影响。学校办学条件羸弱和制度环境恶化是促发教师换教和退教的主要原因。货币收入和工作条件之间存在替代作用,货币收入能有效降低在不利工作条件下任教教师的流失意愿,但对在有利工作条件下任教教师的流失意愿无显著影响。基于发现,本文提出科学设计与优化中小学教师工资结构,增加在艰苦环境从教教师的津补贴力度,注重非货币激励手段的综合运用,加强对农村学校内部制度环境建设等政策性意见。

Effect of early enteral nutrition on postoperative nutritional status and immune function in elderly patients with esophageal cancer or cardiac cancer

To explore the effect of early enteral nutrition （EN） on postoperative nutritional status, intestinal permeability, and immune 6anction in elderly patients with esophageal cancer or cardiac cancer. Methods： A total of 96 patients with esophageal cancer or cardiac cancer who underwent surgical treatment in our hospital from June 2007 to December 2010 were enrolled in this study. They were divided into EN group （n=50） and parenteral nutrition （PN） group （n=46） based on the nutrition support modes. The body weight, time to first flatus/defecation, average hospital stay, complications and mortality after the surgery as well as the liver function indicators were recorded and analyzed. Peripheral blood samples were collected on the days 1, 4 and 7 after surgery. The plasma diamine oxidase （DAO） activity and D-lactate level were determined to assess the intestinal permeability. The plasma endotoxin levels were determined using dynamic turbidimetric assay to assess the protective effect of EN on intestinal mucosal barrier. The postoperative blood levels of inflammatory cytokines and immunoglobulins were determined using enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Results： After the surgery, the time to first flatus/defecation, average hospital stay, and complications were significantly less in the EN group than those in the PN group （P〈0.05）, whereas the EN group had significantly higher albumin levels than the PN group （P〈0.05）. On the 7th postoperative day, the DAO activity, D-lactate level and endotoxin contents were significantly lower in the EN group than those in the PN group （all P〈0.05）. In addition, the EN group had significantly higher IgA, IgG, IgM, and CD4 levels than the PN group （P〈0.05） but significantly lower IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-a levels （P〈0.05）. Conclusions： In elderly patients with esophageal cancer or cardiac cancer, early EN after surgery can effectively improve the nutritional status, protect intestinal mucosal barrier （by reducing plasma endoxins）, and enhance the immune function

Microwave ablation is as effective as radiofrequency ablation for very-early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma

Background: Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation(RFA) is a first?line treatment for very?early?stage hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC), whereas the efficacy of percutaneous microwave ablation(MWA) for very?early?stage HCC remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to clarify this issue by comparing the safety and efficacy of percutaneous MWA with percutaneous RFA in treating very?early?stage HCC.Methods: Clinical data of 460 patients who were diagnosed with very?early?stage HCC and treated with percutane?ous MWA or RFA between January 2007 and July 2012 at the Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Mili?tary Medical University, in Shanghai, China were retrospectively analyzed. Of these 460 patients, 159 received RFA, 301 received MWA. Overall survival(OS), recurrence?free survival(RFS), local tumor progression(LTP), complete ablation, and complication occurrence rates were compared between the two groups, and the prognostic factors associated with survival were analyzed.Results: No significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of the 1?, 3?, or 5?year OS rates(99.3%, 90.4%, and 78.3% for MWA vs. 98.7%, 86.8%, and 73.3% for RFA, respectively; P = 0.331). Furthermore, no signif?icant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of the corresponding RFS rates(94.4%, 71.8%, and 46.9% for MWA vs. 89.9%, 67.3%, and 54.9% for RFA, respectively; P ete ablation rates(98.3% vs. 98.1%, P = 0.309), the LTP rates(9.6% vs. 10.1%, P = 0.883), the compl multivariate analysis, LTP, an= 0.860), or the occurrence rates of major complications(0.7% vs. 0.6%, P = 0.691). Bytiviral therapy, and treatment of recurrence were independent risk fac?tors for OS(P < 0.001), and the alpha?fetoprotein level was an independent prognostic factor for RFS(P = 0.002).Conclusions: MWA is as safe and effective as RFA in treating very?early?stage HCC, supporting MWA as a first?line treatment option for this disease.

Evaluation of the Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction System for Predicting Sea Fog over the South China Sea

In the South China Sea, sea fog brings severe disasters every year, but forecasters have yet to implement an effective seafog forecast. To address this issue, we test a liquid-water-content-only(LWC-only) operational sea-fog prediction method based on a regional mesoscale numerical model with a horizontal resolution of about 3 km, the Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction System(GRAPES), hereafter GRAPES-3 km. GRAPES-3 km models the LWC over the sea, from which we infer the visibility that is then used to identify fog. We test the GRAPES-3 km here against measurements in 2016 and 2017 from coastal-station observations, as well as from buoy data, data from the Integrated Observation Platform for Marine Meteorology, and retrieved fog and cloud patterns from Himawari-8 satellite data. For two cases that we examine in detail, the forecast region of sea fog overlaps well with the multi-observational data within 72 h. Considering forecasting for0–24 h, GRAPES-3 km has a 2-year-average equitable threat score(ETS) of 0.20 and a Heidke skill score(HSS) of 0.335,which is about 5.6%(ETS) and 6.4%(HSS) better than our previous method(GRAPES-MOS). Moreover, the stations near the particularly foggy region around the Leizhou Peninsula have relatively high forecast scores compared to other sea areas.Overall, the results show that GRAPES-3 km can roughly predict the formation, evolution, and dissipation of sea fog on the southern China coast.

Risk factors associated with early and late HAT after adult liver transplantation

AIM: To identify risk factors that might contribute to hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) after liver transplantation (LT). METHODS: The perioperative and follow-up data of a total of 744 liver transplants, performed from February 1999 to July 2010, were retrospectively reviewed. HAT developed in 20 patients (2.7%). HAT was classified as early (occurring in fewer than 30 d post LT) or late (occurring more than 30 d post LT). Early HAT devel-oped in 14 patients (1.9%). Late HAT developed in 6 patients (0.8%). Risk factors associated with HAT were analysed using the chi(2) test for univariate analysis and logistic regression for multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Lack of ABO compatibility, recipient/donor weight ratio >= 1.15, complex arterial reconstruction, duration time of hepatic artery anastomosis > 80 min, duration time of operation > 10 h, dual grafts, number of units of blood received intraoperatively >= 7, number of units of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) received intraoperatively >= 6, postoperative blood transfusion and postoperative FFP use were significantly associated with early HAT in the univariate analysis (P < 0.1). After logistic regression, independent risk factors associated with early HAT were recipient/donor weight ratio >= 1.15 (OR = 4.499), duration of hepatic artery anastomosis > 80 min (OR = 5.429), number of units of blood received intraoperatively >= 7 (OR = 4.059) and postoperative blood transfusion (OR = 6.898). Graft type (whole/living-donor/split), duration of operation > 10 h, retransplantation, rejection reaction, recipients with diabetes preoperatively and recipients with a high level of blood glucose or diabetes postoperatively were significantly associated with late HAT in the univariate analysis (P < 0.1). After logistic regression, the independent risk factors associated with early HAT were duration of operation > 10 h (OR = 6.394), retransplantation (OR = 21.793) and rejection reactions (OR = 16.936). CONCLUSION: Early detection of these risk factors, strict surveillance protocols by Doppler ultrasound and prophylactic anticoagulation for recipients at risk might be determined prospectively. (C) 2014 Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

Grey zone in the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Classification for hepatocellular carcinoma: Surgeons' perspective

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is the sixth most common cancer and the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer(BCLC) classification has been endorsed as the optimal staging system and treatment algorithm for HCC by the European Association for the Study of Liver Disease and the American Association for the Study of Liver Disease. However, in real life, the majority of patients who are not considered ideal candidates based on the BCLC guideline still were performed hepatic resection nowadays, which means many hepatic surgeons all around the world do not follow the BCLC guidelines. The accuracy and application of the BCLC classification has constantly been challenged by many clinicians. From the surgeons' perspectives, we herein put forward some comments on the BCLC classification concerning subjectivity of the assessment criteria, comprehensiveness of the staging definition and accuracy of the therapeutic recommendations. We hope to further discuss with peers and colleagues with the aim to make the BCLC classification more applicable to clinical practice in the future.

Simultaneous catalytic hydrolysis of carbonyl sulfide and carbon disulfide over Al_2O_3-K/CAC catalyst at low temperature

In this work, a series of coal-based active carbon （CAC） catalysts loaded by A1203 were prepared by sol-gel method and used for the simulta- neous catalytic hydrolysis of carbonyl sulfide （COS） and carbon disulfide （CS2） at relatively low temperatures of 30-70 ℃. The influences of calcinations temperatures and operation conditions such as： reaction temperature, 02 concentration, gas hourly space velocity （GHSV） and relative humidity （RH） were also discussed respectively. The results showed that catalysts with 5.0 wt% A1203 calcined at 300 ℃ had supe- rior activity for the simultaneous catalytic hydrolysis of COS and CS2. When the reaction temperature was above 50 ℃, catalytic hydrolysis activity of COS could be enhanced but that of CS2 was inhibited. Too high RH could make the catalytic hydrolysis activities of COS and CS2 decrease. A small amount of 02 introduction could enhance the simultaneous catalytic hydrolysis activities of COS and CS2.

Application of curved ablation in liver cancer with special morphology or location: Report of two cases

BACKGROUND Liver cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors with a high incidence and mortality.Hepatitis-liver cirrhosis-liver cancer is known as the trilogy of liver cancer.At present,due to significant development of imaging interventions,they occupy an irreplaceable position in the field of liver cancer treatment,especially ultrasound-guided ablation.Because patients with liver cancer often present with liver cirrhosis,which leads to morphological deformation of the liver,it is difficult to perform a linear ablation of liver cancer in the areas near the phrenic top and within large blood vessels,among others.The present study reports on two cases of liver cancer that have been subjected to curvilinear ablation.After 1 mo,magnetic resonance imaging showed complete ablation,demonstrating that ultrasound-guided curved ablation is feasible and effective in the treatment of liver cancer.CASE SUMMARY Two patients were treated at the Liver Disease Department of the Xixi Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Chinese Medicine in 2019.Because the first liver cancer patient’s tumor was located close to the diaphragm,it was difficult to complete a straight needle ablation procedure in one session.In order to achieve accurate and minimally invasive treatment of this tumor,a curved needle ablation procedure was designed.The second patient presented with a hepatic cyst in front of the tumor.In order not to damage the hepatic cyst,a looper needle ablation technique was used.The procedure was successfully completed in both cases.CONCLUSION Curved ablation is a new technique that can be used to treat tumors situated in a variety of locations,providing new ideas for interventional techniques.Its operation difficulty is higher and further animal experiments are necessary to improve the operation procedure.

Changes in T lymphocyte subsets after severe traumatic brain injury

BACKGROUND： Besides local changes of cranial parenchymal cells, hemorrhage, etc., severe traumatic brain injuries also cause the changes of total body fluid and various functions, and the changes of lymphocytes and T lymphocyte subsets should be paid more attention to. OBJECTIVE： To reveal the changing laws of T lymphocyte subsets after severe traumatic brain injury, and compare with mild to moderate brain injury. DESIGN： A comparative observation. SETTINGS： Department of Neurosurgery, Longgang District Buji People＇s Hospital of Shenzhen City; Central Laboratory of Shenzhen Hospital of Prevention and Cure for Chronic Disease. PARTICIPANTS： All the subjects were selected from the Department of Neurosurgery, Longgang District Buji People＇s Hospital of Shenzhen City from August 2002 to August 2005. Thirty patients with severe brain injury, whose Glasgow coma score （GCS） was ≤ 8 points, were taken as the experimental group, including 21 males and 9 females, aging 16 - 62 years. Meanwhile, 30 patients with mild traumatic brain injury were taken as the control group （GCS ranged 14- 15 points）, including 18 males and 12 females, aging 15 -58 years. All the subjects were in admission at 6 hours after injury, without disease of major organs before injury Informed consents were obtained from all the patients or their relatives. METHODS： （1） The T lymphocytes and the subsets in peripheral blood were detected with immunofluorescent tricolor flow cytometry at l, 3, 7 and 14 days after injury in both groups. （2） The conditions of pulmonary infections were observed at 4 days after injury. The differences of measurement data were compared with the t test. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Changes of T lymphocytes subsets at 1 - 14 days after severe and mild or moderate traumatic injury. RESULTS： Finally, 28 and 25 patients with mild to moderate traumatic brain injury, whereas 25 and 21 patients with severe traumatic brain injury were analyzed at 7 and 14 days respectively, and the missed ones died due to the development of disease. （1） Changes of T lymphocyte subsets： At 1 and 3 days after injury, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD4/CD8 began to decrease, whereas CD8 increased in the experimental group, which were very significantly different from those in the control group （t =2.77 - 3.26, P 〈 0.01）, and began to recover at 7 days, which were significantly different from those in the control group （t = 2.06 - 2.24, P 〈 0.05）, and generally recovered to the normal levels at 14 days （P 〉 0.05）. （2） Conditions of pulmonary infections： At 4 days after injury, the rate of pulmonary infection was significantly different between the experimental group and control group [73% （22/30）, 0, x2=37.29, P 〈 0.01]. CONCLUSION： Patients with severe traumatic brain injury suffer from damages of cellular immune function at early period （within 7 days）, and they are easily to be accompanied by pulmonary infections.