Electronic structure engineering of transition metal dichalcogenides for boosting hydrogen energy conversion electrocatalysts

Electrocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen production is an appealing strategy to reduce carbon emissions and generate renewable fuels.This promising process,however,is limited by its sluggish reaction kinetics and high-cost catalysts.The two-dimensional(2D)transition metal dichalcogenides(TMDCs)have presented great potential as electrocatalytic materials due to their tunable bandgaps,abundant defective active sites,and good chemical stability.Consequently,phase engineering,defect engineering and interface engineering have been adopted to manipulate the electronic structure of TMDCs for boosting their exceptional catalytic performance.Particularly,it is essential to clarify the local structure of catalytically active sites of TMDCs and their structural evolution in catalytic reactions using atomic resolution electron microscopy and the booming in situ technologies,which is beneficial for exploring the underlying reaction mechanism.In this review,the growth regulation,characterization,particularly atomic configurations of active sites in TMDCs are summarized.The significant role of electron microscopy in the understanding of the growth mechanism,the controlled synthesis and functional optimization of 2D TMDCs are discussed.This review will shed light on the design and synthesis of novel electrocatalysts with high performance,as well as prompt the application of advanced electron microscopy in the research of materials science.

辽宁省“三甲”医院住院医师规范化培训满意度调查研究

以2020年7月至2021年7月辽宁省4家“三甲”医院的198名参与规范化培训的住院医师为研究对象进行线上问卷调查。问卷内容包括薪资、培训内容、教学模式、考核措施等方面的满意度及相关情况,以分析辽宁省“三甲”医院住院医师规范化培训满意度,为提高住院医师规范化培训满意度和质量提供参考。调研表明,住培学员对住培的满意度处于中上水平,薪资待遇低、工作量大是住培期间存在的主要问题,需关注全科医生特点及需求制定专业化规培制度。

甘油三酯葡萄糖乘积指数与BMI对2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪性肝病的预测价值

目的探讨甘油三酯葡萄糖乘积指数(TyG)与BMI对2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)的预测价值。方法回顾性分析2020年5月—2021年7月中国医科大学附属盛京医院诊治349例T2DM患者的临床资料,按照有无NAFLD分为T2DM合并NAFLD组(n=213)和单纯T2DM组(n=136)。计量资料两组间比较采用t检验或Mann-Whitney U检验;计数资料两组间比较采用χ^(2)检验。采用logistic回归分析TyG及BMI与T2DM合并NAFLD的关系,受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)评价TyG、BMI及TyG联合BMI对T2DM合并NAFLD的预测效能。采用Kappa系数分析预测结果的一致性。结果T2DM合并NAFLD组的BMI、舒张压、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、ALT、AST、GGT、TG、TC、LDL-C、TyG均高于单纯T2DM组(P值均<0.05),T2DM合并NAFLD组的HDL-C低于单纯T2DM组(P<0.05),两组在收缩压、总胆红素、直接胆红素、间接胆红素间的差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。Logistic分析显示TyG(OR=6.513,95%CI:1.884~22.517,P=0.003)和BMI(OR=1.369,95%CI:1.191~1.575,P<0.001)为T2DM合并NAFLD的独立危险因素。ROC曲线显示,TyG预测T2DM合并NAFLD的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.875,最佳截断点9.41,敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为80.3%、80.1%、86.36%、72.19%;BMI预测T2DM合并NAFLD的AUC为0.787,最佳截断点24.22,敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为78.9%、64.0%、77.36%、64.23%;TyG联合BMI预测T2DM合并NAFLD的AUC、敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为0.910、81.2%、88.2%、91.53%、75.00%。TyG、BMI及TyG联合BMI预测T2DM合并NAFLD的Kappa系数分别为0.592、0.416、0.673。结论TyG和BMI可用来预测T2DM合并NAFLD的发生,二者联合可提高预测价值。

高校班团集体建设举措述评及实效分析——基于清华大学案例及数据的研究

班团集体是高校学生的基本组织单位,在人才培养过程中发挥着重要的作用。新时代大学生群体特征发生了显著变化,对班团集体建设提出了新的要求,新的建设举措亟待探索,其成效也有待进一步评估分析。本文基于清华大学相关实践探索,建立了班团集体建设体系的分析框架,通过实证分析评估了班团集体建设成效,并对制度建设、教师互动、资源支持、朋辈交流、主题实践、课程培训等举措的实效进行了分析。本文研究结果对进一步提升班团集体建设成效具有一定指导意义。

创业教育究竟激发了谁的创业意愿?——基于高校创新创业教育政策的实证分析

本文在构建高校创新创业教育理论分析框架的基础上,阐述了清华大学创新创业教育的相关政策举措,结合学生创业意愿调研相关数据,通过实证研究评估了政策的实际成效及其对学生创业意愿的影响,并结合年份数据探讨了相关政策对于学生创新创业群体结构的调整以及价值观念的影响与塑造,在此基础上提出了高校创新创业教育应推动基于创新、学科专业与机会驱动的创业。

NAFLD与肝细胞癌的相关性研究进展

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)已成为世界范围内最常见的慢性肝脏疾病,被认为是代谢综合征在肝脏的表现,其疾病谱从轻微肝细胞脂肪变性到非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH),进一步可发展为肝硬化或肝细胞癌(HCC)。随着肥胖及胰岛素抵抗问题的日益严重,NAFLD、NASH及其相关肝硬化、肝癌患者也日益增多。近年来研究表明,NASH可不经肝硬化阶段直接发展为HCC,具体机制尚不明确。

非酒精性脂肪性肝病的相关基因学概述

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)是目前世界范围内最常见的慢性肝脏疾病,危险因素包括肥胖、胰岛素抵抗及高脂血症等。随着全球肥胖及糖尿病问题的日益严重,NAFLD的发病率也呈逐年升高的趋势。NAFLD虽为一种良性疾病,但可以进一步发展为非酒精性脂肪性肝炎、肝硬化及肝细胞癌。在发达国家,NAFLD已经成为肝细胞癌的主要病因。近年来基因在NAFLD形成上的作用越来越受到重视,本文就NAFLD相关基因学研究作一概述。

Effects of Meridional Flow Passage Shape on Hydraulic Performance of Mixed-flow Pump Impellers

During the process of designing the mixed-flow pump impeller, the meridional flow passage shape directly affects the obtained meridional flow field, which then has an influence on the three-dimensional impeller shape. However, the meridional flow passage shape is too complicated to be described by a simple formula for now. Therefore, reasonable parameter selection for the meridional flow passage is essential to the investigation. In order to explore the effects of the meridional flow passage shape on the impeller design and the hydraulic performance of the mixed-flow pump, the hub and shroud radius ratio (HSRR) of impeller and the outlet diffusion angle (ODA) of outlet zone are selected as the meridional flow passage parameters. 25 mixed-flow pump impellers, with specific speed of 496 under the design condition, are designed with various parameter combinations. Among these impellers, one with HSRR of 1.94 and ODA of 90° is selected to carry out the model test and the obtained experimental results are used to verify accuracies of the head and the hydraulic efficiency predicted by numerical simulation. Based on SIMPLE algorithm and standard k-ε two-equation turbulence model, the three-dimensional steady incompressible Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations are solved and the effects of different parameters on hydraulic performance of mixed-flow pump impellers are analyzed. The analysis results demonstrate that there are optimal values of HSRR and ODA available, so the hydraulic performance and the internal flow of mixed-flow pumps can be improved by selecting appropriate values for the meridional flow passage parameters. The research on these two parameters, HSRR and ODA, has further illustrated influences of the meridional flow passage shape on the hydraulic performance of the mixed-flow pump, and is beneficial to improving the design of the mixed-flow pump impeller.

Influence of Blade Wrap Angle on Centrifugal Pump Performance by Numerical and Experimental Study

The existing research on improving the hydraulic performance of centrifugal pumps mainly focuses on the design method and the parameter optimization. The traditional design method for centrifugal impellers relies more on experience of engineers that typically only satisfies the continuity equation of the fluid. In this study, on the basis of the direct and inverse iteration design method which simultaneously solves the continuity and motion equations of the fluid and shapes the blade geometry by controlling the wrap angle, three centrifugal pump impellers are designed by altering blade wrap angles while keeping other parameters constant. The three-dimensional flow fields in three centrifugal pumps are numerically simulated, and the simulation results illustrate that the blade with larger wrap angle has more powerful control ability on the flow pattern in impeller. The three pumps have nearly the same pressure distributions at the small flow rate, but the pressure gradient increase in the pump with the largest wrap angle is smoother than the other two pumps at the design and large flow rates. The pump head and efficiency are also influenced by the blade wrap angle. The highest head and efficiency are also observed for the largest angle. An experiment rig is designed and built to test the performance of the pump with the largest wrap angle. The test results show that the wide space of its efficiency area and the stability of its operation ensure the excellent performance of the design method and verify the numerical analysis. The analysis on influence of the blade wrap angle for centrifugal pump performance in this paper can be beneficial to the optimization design of the centrifugal pump.

Experimental Study of the Influence of Flow Passage Subtle Variation on Mixed-flow Pump Performance

In the mixed-flow pump design, the shape of the flow passage can directly affect the flow capacity and the internal flow, thus influencing hydraulic performance, cavitation performance and operation stability of the mixed-flow pump. However, there is currently a lack of experimental research on the influence mechanism. Therefore, in order to analyze the effects of subtle variations of the flow passage on the mixed-flow pump performance, the frustum cone surface of the end part of inlet contraction flow passage of the mixed-flow pump is processed into a cylindrical surface and a test rig is built to carry out the hydraulic performance experiment. In this experiment, parameters, such as the head, the efficiency, and the shaft power, are measured, and the pressure fluctuation and the noise signal are also collected. The research results suggest that after processing the inlet flow passage, the head of the mixed-flow pump significantly goes down; the best efficiency of the mixed-flow pump drops by approximately 1.5%, the efficiency decreases more significantly under the large flow rate; the shaft power slightly increases under the large flow rate, slightly decreases under the small flow rate. In addition, the pressure fluctuation amplitudes on both the impeller inlet and the diffuser outlet increase significantly with more drastic pressure fluctuations and significantly lower stability of the internal flow of the mixed-flow pump. At the same time, the noise dramatically increases. Overall speaking, the subtle variation of the inlet flow passage leads to a significant change of the mixed-flow pump performance, thus suggesting a special attention to the optimization of flow passage. This paper investigates the influence of the flow passage variation on the mixed-flow pump performance by experiment, which will benefit the optimal design of the flow passage of the mixed-flow pump.

Effect of trace yttrium on the microstructure,mechanical property and corrosion behavior of homogenized Mg-2Zn-0.1Mn-0.3Ca-xY biological magnesium alloy

The effects of trace yttrium(Y)element on the microstructure,mechanical properties,and corrosion resistance of Mg-2Zn-0.1Mn-0.3Ca-xY(x=0,0.1,0.2,0.3)biological magnesium alloys are investigated.Results show that grain size decreases from 310 to 144µm when Y content increases from 0wt%to 0.3wt%.At the same time,volume fraction of the second phase increases from 0.4%to 6.0%,yield strength of the alloy continues to increase,and ultimate tensile strength and elongation decrease initially and then increase.When the Y content increases to 0.3wt%,Mg_(3)Zn_(6)Y phase begins to precipitate in the alloy;thus,the alloy exhibits the most excellent mechanical property.At this time,its ultimate tensile strength,yield strength,and elongation are 119 MPa,69 MPa,and 9.1%,respectively.In addition,when the Y content is 0.3wt%,the alloy shows the best corrosion resistance in the simulated body fluid(SBF).This investigation has revealed that the improvement of mechanical properties and corrosion resistance is mainly attributed to the grain refinement and the precipitated Mg_(3)Zn_(6)Y phase.

不同强度有氧运动对原发性开角型青光眼患者黄斑区视网膜血管密度的影响

目的:探讨不同强度有氧运动对原发性开角型青光眼(POAG)患者黄斑区视网膜血管密度的影响。方法:前瞻性病例对照研究。纳入2019-01/2021-04于我院诊断为POAG患者48例88眼。招募本院学生、职工及其他科室患者家属43例86眼为正常对照组。使用免散瞳眼底照相机行免散瞳眼底照相检查。采用黄斑血管分割法进行黄斑区血管密度测定。根据黄斑区血管密度将POAG患者分为低血管密度组和高血管密度组,各24例。指导48例POAG的患者进行跑台负荷运动,比较高强度(76%~87%HRmax)、中等强度(64%~75%HRmax)和低强度(52%~63%HRmax)运动下患者的黄斑区血管密度水平。结果:正常对照组患者的黄斑区血管密度明显高于POAG组患者;与高血管密度组患者相比,低血管密度组患者的年龄、收缩压均明显较高,体质量明显较低;低血管密度组和高血管密度组患者,在中等强度有氧运动下的黄斑区视网膜血管密度均明显高于低强度和高强度有氧运动;收缩压和有氧运动是黄斑区血管密度的影响因素;以上比较结果均有差异(P<0.05)。结论:收缩压和有氧运动是黄斑区血管密度的影响因素,中等强度有氧运动可使低血管密度组和高血管密度组患者的黄斑区血管密度明显增加。

Metabolic imaging for guidance of curative treatment of isolated pelvic implantation metastasis after resection of spontaneously ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma: A case report

Spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is a life-threatening complication and its prognosis is significantly poor because of the high recurrence rate after initial hepatectomy. Resection of isolated extrahepatic metastasis of HCC has been advocated to obtain a possibility of long-term survival. However, it is a challenge for clinicians to detect implantation metastasis of spontaneously ruptured HCC. Accurate re-staging plays the most important role in making a decision on isolated metastasis resection. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose(18F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography(PET/CT) is useful in detecting intraabdominal implantation metastasis from a variety of malignancies and shows superior accuracy to conventional imaging modalities in determining the location of metastasis. We present one patient with a new isolated pelvic implantation metastasis detected by 18F-FDG PET/CT and pathologically confirmed by PET/CT-guided percutaneous biopsy, who had a history of resection of spontaneously ruptured HCC two years ago. The patient's condition was stable at the 6-mo follow-up after resection of the isolated pelvic metastasis.

Evaluation value of three-dimensional finite element model analysis for bone mineral density and bone metabolism activity in patients with osteoporosis

Objective: To study the evaluation value of three-dimensional finite element model analysis for bone mineral density (BMD) and bone metabolism activity in patients with osteoporosis. Methods: A total of 218 patients who were diagnosed with osteoporosis in the hospital between February 2014 and January 2017 were collected as observation group, and 100 healthy volunteers who received physical examination in the hospital during the same period were selected as normal control group. The femoral head of the two groups was analyzed by three-dimensional finite element model, and the femoral head BMD levels and serum bone metabolism index contents were measured. Pearson test was used to evaluate the evaluation value of femoral head three-dimensional finite element model for osteoporosis. Results: The cancellous bone and cortical bone Von Mises stress value of observation group were lower than those of normal control group, and femoral neck BMD value of observation group was lower than that of normal control group;serum bone metabolism index BGP content was lower than that of normal control group while NBAP, TRACP-5b and CTX-1 contents were higher than those of normal control group. Pearson test showed that the cancellous bone and cortical bone Von Mises stress value of patients with osteoporosis were directly correlated with BMD value and bone metabolism index contents. Conclusion: The three-dimensional finite element model analysis resultsof patients with osteoporosis can objectively reflect the femoral headBMD value and bone metabolism activity, and is a reliable way to evaluate the risk of long-term fractures.

商用车FAG轮毂轴承单元合装工艺改进

轮毂轴承主要作用是承重,并为轮毂的转动提供精确引导,它既承受轴向载荷又承受径向载荷,对汽车稳定性、轻量化、智能化有着重要影响。文章主要介绍FAG轮毂轴承单元在轮毂合装时的工艺改进方案及其新式压头设计。通过对某公司普通轮毂结构和FAG轮毂轴承单元结构进行分析,在满足现有装配工艺的前提下,根据其结构特点对压头工装进行优化设计,分别从定位、装配方向、作业强度进行了分析和改进,设计出一款新式轴承压头,最终实现轮毂总成装配质量提高、生产效率提高、工人劳动强度降低的效果。在以后的工装设计时,可以借鉴精益化生产的设计思路来设计工装。

More Cycles of Intravenous Chemotherapy are Associated with Reduced Growth in Children with Retinoblastoma

Background Chemotherapy can have a negative impact on the growth of children with different cancers.However,few studies have examined whether intravenous chemotherapy(IVC)affects the growth of children with retinoblastoma(RB).The present study evaluated the height differences(actual height compared to the age standardized value)and survival of pediatric RB patients treated with IVC.Methods This was an observational cohort study.A total of 87 pediatric RB patients were included.The study population was stratified into two groups based on the number of chemotherapy cycles administered(≤4 versus>4).The height at baseline(before IVC),height after IVC and overall survival were compared between the two groups.Results Before IVC,no height differences were observed between the two groups(P=0.585).After IVC,all of the patients had a reduced height compared to the age standardized height(P=0.035).Patients who underwent more cycles of chemotherapy had a greater height difference compared to those who received fewer cycles(P=0.008).For those who had reduced height,the difference was positively associated with the number of chemotherapy cycles(r=0.279,P=0.043).Among the patients who exhibited a greater height difference,those who underwent more than four cycles of chemotherapy had a decreased overall survival(P=0.042).Conclusions Pediatric RB patients who underwent more cycles of chemotherapy were more likely to have a reduced height.Further studies are needed to determine the optimal treatment strategy to prevent the reduced growth while maintaining the benefits of chemotherapy.

Biosynthetic pathway of prescription cucurbitacin IIa and high-level production of key triterpenoid intermediates in engineered yeast and tobacco

Cucurbitacin IIa is a triterpenoid isolated exclusively from Hemsleya plants and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that functions as the main ingredient of prescription Hemslecin capsules and tablets in China.Synthetic biology provides new strategies for production of such valuable cucurbitacins at a large scale;however,the biosynthetic pathway of cucurbitacin IIa has been unknown,and the heterologous production of cucurbitacins in galactose medium has been expensive and low yielding.In this study,we characterized the functions of genes encoding two squalene epoxidases(HcSE1-2),six oxidosqualene cyclases(HcOSC1-6),two CYP450s(HcCYP87D20 and HcCYP81Q59),and an acyltransferase(HcAT1)in cucurbitacin IIa biosynthesis by heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Nicotiana benthamiana.We achieved high-level production of the key cucurbitacin precursor 11-carbonyl-20b-hydroxy-Cuol from glucose in yeast via modular engineering of the mevalonate pathway and optimization of P450 expression levels.The resulting yields of 46.41 mg/l 11-carbonyl-20b-hydroxy-Cuol and 126.47 mg/l total cucurbitacin triterpenoids in shake flasks are the highest yields yet reported from engineered microbes.Subsequently,production of 11-carbonyl-20b-hydroxy-Cuol by transient gene expression in tobacco resulted in yields of 1.28 mg/g dry weight in leaves.This work reveals the key genes involved in biosynthesis of prescription cucurbitacin IIa and demonstrates that engineered yeast cultivated with glucose can produce high yields of key triterpenoid intermediates.We describe a low-cost and highly efficient platform for rapid screening of candidate genes and high-yield production of pharmacological triterpenoids.

CT在自身免疫性胰腺炎与胰腺癌鉴别诊断中的价值

目的观察自身免疫性胰腺炎(autoimmune pancreatitis,AIP)与胰腺癌(pancreatic cancer,PC)的CT影像特征,探讨CT在AIP与PC鉴别诊断中的价值。方法32例AIP患者(AIP组)和40例PC患者(PC组),均行CT平扫和增强扫描。比较2组CT影像中胰腺改变(胰腺弥漫性肿胀呈腊肠样改变、局灶性密度减低、胰周被膜样边缘、胰管改变)及胰腺外改变(胆管改变、血管受累和腹腔淋巴结肿大),CT增强扫描胰腺的密度均匀性;比较2组平扫及增强扫描动脉期、静脉期CT值。结果AIP组胰腺腊肠样弥漫肿胀、胰周被膜样边缘、胆管壁增厚及胆管渐进性狭窄比率(78.13%、59.38%、56.25%、75.00%)高于PC组(0、0、0、0)(P<0.05),胰腺局灶性密度减低、胰管截断、胆管截断、血管受累和腹腔淋巴结肿大比率(21.88%、3.13%、3.13%、25.00%、15.63%)低于PC组(100%、42.50%、30.00%、82.50%、87.50%)(P<0.05),胰管不规则扩张比率(43.75%)与PC组(52.50%)比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。AIP组胰腺密度均匀、平扫期呈现偏低密度、静脉期呈现偏高密度比率(62.5%、100%、87.5%)高于PC组(0、22.5%、0)(P<0.05),胰腺密度不均、平扫期呈现明显低密度、静脉期呈现低密度比率(37.5%、0、12.5%)低于PC组(100%、77.5%、100%)(P<0.05);2组在动脉期均呈现低密度,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。AIP组平扫期、动脉期及静脉期的CT值[(39.34±4.32)、(74.63±10.01)、(92.74±10.16)Hu]均高于PC组[(26.03±9.05)、(52.68±12.60)、(57.93±13.27)Hu](P<0.05)。结论AIP与PC的CT影像特征存在差异,CT可辅助用于AIP与PC的鉴别诊断。

中国东北地区汉族人群PNPLA3 rs738409及TM6SF2 rs58542926基因多态性与原发性肝癌的相关性

目的探讨中国东北地区汉族人群patatin样磷脂酶域3(PNPLA3)rs738409及跨膜蛋白6超家族2(TM6SF2)rs58542926基因多态性与原发性肝癌发病的相关性。方法采用病例-对照研究,纳入521例原发性肝癌患者作为病例组,164名健康人作为对照组。病例组根据病因学分为有及无肝硬化组。采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)方法分别检测PNPLA3 rs738409及TM6SF2 rs58542926两个位点的基因多态性。对计量资料用t检验、方差分析或U检验,对计数资料用χ^(2)检验或Fisher确切概率法。结果病例组与对照组相比,PNPLA3 rs738409 G等位基因频率分布存在明显差异(OR=1.583,P=0.001);进一步分组后显示,除在丙型病毒性肝炎相关性肝癌组中与对照组差异无统计学意义外(P=0.161),在其他分组中均存在明显差异(P值均<0.05)。与对照组相比,病例组TM6SF2 rs58542926 T等位基因频率明显高于对照组(OR=1.759,P=0.048)。分组后仅合并肝硬化肝癌组CT/TT基因型频率及酒精性相关性肝癌组T等位基因频率与对照组的差异有统计学意义(P值分别为0.045,0.032)。将病例组按照是否携带PNPLA3 rs738409 G等位基因分成CG/GG与CC组;按照是否携带TM6SF2 rs58542926 T等位基因分成CT/TT与CC组,结果显示,CG/GG与CC组及CT/TT与CC组肝脏酶学指标、白蛋白(Alb)、总胆红素(TBil)、甲胎蛋白(AFP)及空腹血糖水平的差异均无统计学意义。将病例组伴有肝硬化的患者根据Child-Pugh评分分为≥7分组与<7分组,结果显示,PNPLA3 rs738409 CG/GG型与CC型患者的Child-Pugh评分差异及TM6SF2 rs58542926 CT/TT型与CC型患者的Child-Pugh评分差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。结论PNPLA3 rs738409及TM6SF2 rs58542926基因多态性在中国东北地区汉族人群中与原发性肝癌的发生存在相关性。PNPLA3 rs738409及TM6SF2 rs58542926基因多态性在原发性肝癌中对肝脏酶学、Alb、TBil、AFP及空腹血糖等指标没有影响。

政策工具视角下高校创新人才全球胜任力提升研究

高校担负着培养未来领军人才的责任,在培养拔尖创新人才的过程中,着力提升他们的全球胜任力显得尤为重要。文章回顾并辨析了全球胜任力的概念。基于政策工具理论视角,针对提升学生全球胜任力的相关政策,分析了权威型、激励型、环境型政策工具的特征与局限性。研究了各类政策工具的优化组合机制。提出了保持正确价值取向,通过综合运用各类政策工具,构建全球胜任力内涵式培养路径的相关政策建议。