Cancer incidence and mortality in China,2022

Background:The National Cancer Center(NCC)of China regularly reports the nationwide statistics on cancer incidence and mortality in China.The International Agency for Research on Cancer(IARC)calculates and publishes the cancer burden of countries around the world every two years.To ensure consistency between the actual surveillance data in China and the data published by IARC,NCC has received approval from the National Health Commission and IARC to simultaneously release the cancer burden data for China in GLOBOCAN 2022.Methods:There were a total of 700 registries reporting high-quality data on cancer incidence and mortality across China in 2018,of which 106 registries with continuous monitoring from 2010 to 2018 were used to establish an age-period-cohort model to simulate the trend of cancer incidence and mortality and to estimate the incidence and mortality in China in 2022.In addition,we analyzed the temporal trends of age-standardized cancer incidence and mortality from 2000 to 2018 using data from 22 continuous cancer registries.Results:It was estimated about 4,824,700 new cancer cases and 2,574,200 new cancer deaths occurred in China in 2022.Cancers of the lung,colon-rectum,thyroid,liver and stomach were the top five cancer types,accounting for 57.42%of new cancer cases.Cancers of the lung,liver,stomach,colon-rectum and esophagus were the five leading causes of cancer deaths,accounting for 67.50%of total cancer deaths.The crude rate and age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR)were 341.75 per 100,000 and 201.61 per 100,000,respectively.The crude mortality rate was 182.34 per 100,000 and the age-standardized mortality rate(ASMR)was 96.47 per 100,000.The ASIR of all cancers combined increased by approximately 1.4%per year during 2000–2018,while the ASMR decreased by approximately 1.3%per year.We observed decreasing trends in ASIR and ASMR for cancers of the esophagus,stomach,and liver,whereas the ASIR increased significantly for cancers of the thyroid,prostate,and cervix.Conclusions:Cancer remains a major public health concern in China,with a cancer profile that reflects the coexistence of developed and developing regions.Sustained implementation of prevention and control measures has resulted in significant reductions in the incidence and mortality rates of certain historically high incidence cancers,such as esophageal,stomach and liver cancers.Adherence to the guidelines of the Healthy China Action Plan and the Cancer Prevention and Control Action Plan,along with continued efforts in comprehensive risk factor control,cancer screening,early diagnosis and treatment,and standardization of diagnostic and therapeutic protocols,are key strategies to effectively mitigate the increasing cancer burden by 2030.

Cancer survival statistics in China 2019-2021:a multicenter,population-based study

Background:A milestone goal of the Healthy China Program(2019-2030)is to achieve 5-year cancer survival at 43.3%for all cancers combined by 2022.To assess the progress towards this target,we analyzed the updated survival for all cancers combined and 25 specific cancer types in China from 2019 to 2021.Methods:We conducted standardized data collection and quality control for cancer registries across 32 provincial-level regions in China,and included 6,410,940 newly diagnosed cancer patients from 281 cancer registries during 2008-2019,with follow-up data on vital status available until December 2021.We estimated the age-standardized 5-year relative survival overall and by site,age group,and period of diagnosis using the International Cancer Survival Standard Weights,and quantified the survival changes to assess the progress in cancer control.Results:In 2019-2021,the age-standardized 5-year relative survival for all cancers combined was 43.7%(95%confidence interval[CI],43.6-43.7).The 5-year relative survival varied by cancer type,ranging from 8.5%(95%CI,8.2-8.7)for pancreatic cancer to 92.9%(95%CI,92.4-93.3)for thyroid cancer.Eight cancers had 5-year survival of over 60%,including cancers of the thyroid,breast,testis,bladder,prostate,kidney,uterus,and cervix.The 5-year relative survival was generally lower in males than in females.From 2008 to 2021,we observed significant survival improvements for cancers of the lung,prostate,bone,uterus,breast,cervix,nasopharynx,larynx,and bladder.The most significant improvement was in lung cancer.Conclusions:Progress in cancer control was evident in China.This highlights the importance of a comprehensive approach to control and prevent cancer.

Incidence and Mortality of Cancers in Female Genital Organs—China,2022

Introduction:This study presented the incidence and mortality rates of cancers affecting the female genital organs in China,along with their trends spanning from 2010 to 2018.Methods:700 population-based cancer registries provided relevant cancer incidence and mortality data for the year 2018.Among these,106 registries had continuous monitoring data suitable for trend analysis from 2010 to 2018.We focused specifically on cancers affecting female genital organs(ICD10=C51-C54,C56)and projected their incidences and mortalities in China for 2022 based on data from 2018 and the trends observed from 2010 to 2018.Age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR)and mortality rate(ASMR)were calculated using Segi’s world standard population.Results:In 2022,there were an estimated 296,300 new cases and 104,900 deaths from female cancers in China.ASIRs for vulva(C51),vagina(C52),cervix uteri(C53),corpus uteri(C54),and ovary(C56)were 0.32,0.23,13.83,6.84,and 5.68 per 100,000 population.ASIRs for corpus uteri and ovary cancers were higher in urban areas.ASMRs for vulva,vagina,cervix,corpus uteri,and ovary cancers were 0.14,0.08,4.54,1.05,and 2.64 per 100,000 population,respectively.ASMR for ovarian cancer was higher in urban areas.ASIRs and ASMRs for most female genital organ cancers increased from 2010 to 2018,although the rate of increase for vulvar and cervical cancers in rural areas has slowed recently.Conclusions:Tailored cancer prevention and control programs specific to each region are necessary to address the growing disease burden.

Incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years of female breast cancer in China, 2022

Background:Breast cancer is ranked among the most prevalent malignancies in the Chinese female population.However,comprehensive reports detailing the latest epidemiological data and attributable disease burden have not been extensively documented.Methods:In 2018,high-quality cancer surveillance data were recorded in 700 population-based cancer registries in China.We extracted data on female breast cancers(International Classification of Diseases,Tenth Revision[ICD-10]:C50)and estimated the incidence and mortality in 2022 according to the baseline data and corresponding trends from 2010 to 2018.Pathological types were classified according to the ICD for Oncology,3rd Edition codes.Disability-adjusted life years(DALYs)were calculated as the sum of the years of life lost(YLLs)and years lived with disability(YLDs).Results:In 2022,approximately 357,200 new female breast cancer cases and 75,000 deaths occurred in China,accounting for 15.59%and 7.94%of total new cancer cases and deaths,respectively.The age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR)was 33.04 per 100,000.When analyzed by pathological type,the ASIRs for papillary neoplasms,invasive breast carcinoma,rare and salivary gland-type tumors,and other types were 1.13,29.79,0.24,and 1.88 per 100,000,respectively.The age-standardized mortality rate(ASMR)was 6.10 per 100,000.A total of 2,628,000 DALYs were found to be attributable to female breast cancer in China,comprising 2,278,300 YLLs and 349,700 YLDs.The ASIR,ASMR,and age-standardized rate(ASR)for DALYs in urban areas were consistently higher than those in rural areas.We observed a four-fold increase in the ASIR and ASR for DALYs and an eight-fold increase in the ASMR among females over 55 years compared with those aged under 55 years.Conclusion:These data provide invaluable insights into the latest epidemiology of female breast cancer in China and highlight the urgency for disease prevention and control strategy formulation.

Trends in Incidence Rates,Mortality Rates,and Age-Period-Cohort Effects of Female Breast Cancer—China,2003-2017

Introduction:This study reported the trends in female breast cancer incidence and mortality rates in China,and analyzed the corresponding age-periodcohort effects.Methods:Data from 22 population-based cancer registries in China between 2003 and 2017 were analyzed.Age-standardized incidence rates(ASIR)and mortality rates(ASMR)were calculated using Segi’s world standard population.Joinpoint regression was employed to evaluate trends,and age-period-cohort effects were examined using the intrinsic estimator method.Results:The ASIR for female breast cancer exhibited a more rapid increase in rural areas compared to urban areas across all age groups.The most substantial increase was observed in the 20-34 age group in rural areas[annual percent change(APC)=9.0%,95%confidence interval(CI):7.0%-11.0%,P<0.001].The ASMR for females under 50 years old remained stable from 2003 to 2017 in both urban and rural areas.However,the ASMR for females over 50 in rural areas and those over 65 in urban areas demonstrated a significant increase,with the most pronounced increase observed among females over 65 in rural areas(APC=4.9%,95%CI:2.8%-7.0%,P<0.001).Age-period-cohort analysis revealed increasing period effects and decreasing cohort effects for female breast cancer incidence and mortality rates in both urban and rural settings.Notably,the cohort effect for incidence displayed a slight upward trend for females born between 1983 and 1992 in rural areas.Conclusions:Our study revealed a rapid increase in breast cancer incidence among younger generations and an accelerated mortality rate in older populations residing in rural areas.To effectively address the growing burden of female breast cancer in China,it is essential to develop and implement targeted intervention strategies.

Trends in Incidence Rates,Mortality Rates,and Age-Period-Cohort Effects of Cervical Cancer—China,2003–2017

Introduction:This study reported the trends and analyzed the age-period-cohort effects on the incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer in China.Methods:The age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR)and mortality rate(ASMR)by Segi’s world standard population were calculated using qualified consecutive data from 22 cancer registries from 2003 to 2017 in China.We performed joinpoint analysis to describe the trends and age-period-cohort analysis to estimate the independent effects of age,period and cohort on trends in incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer.Results:The ASIR and ASMR for cervical cancer in females over 20 years old increased during 2003−2017.For females<50 years,a decreasing trend in ASIR and a stable trend in ASMR were observed in urban areas after 2009.But the ASIR and ASMR kept increasing in rural areas during the whole period.For females>50 years,the ASIR and ASMR increased both in urban and rural areas.Age-period-cohort analysis showed increasing period effects on cervical cancer incidence and mortality during the whole period.The cohort effects exhibited a downward-upwarddownward pattern for the incidence(1918–1938,1938–1963,1963–1993)and mortality rates(1918–1943,1943–1963,1963–1993)in urban areas,a fluctuating pattern for incidence rate and a continuing downward pattern for mortality rate(1918–1993)in rural areas.Conclusions:The increases in cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates can be mostly explained by period effects.We observed decreases in risk for cervical cancer incidence and mortality in young female generations,which were more obvious in urban areas.