Lichen-Based Nano-Particles, an Emerging Antibacterial Approach

Bacterial pathogens produced resistance against the existing antimicrobial applications. Scientist trending towards the potent novel eco-friendly and cost effective antimicrobial approaches and fabricating bio-based nano-particles. In this regard, several bio-materials have been investigated, such as, bacteria, fungi, algae, lichens and green plants. Lichens are introduced as an emerging source to synthesis bio-based nano-particles. The lichen-based metal nano-materials, especially fabricated by applying green chemistry strategies, have resulted significant alternates to traditional antimicrobial applications. Several studies break out and revealed that lichen-based nano-particle showed strong antimicrobial efficacy, as the lichens are biologically compatible. Current review summarizes an overview of lichen-based nano-materials, their fabrication, their applications, and their molecular action mechanism. As it emerged a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent for pharmaceutical and agricultural applications.

One new species and two new records in the subgenus Stegana(sensu stricto)(Diptera:Drosophilidae)from China,with DNA barcoding information

One new and two known species of the subgenus Stegana(s.str.)from China are described or redescribed:S.(S.)helvipecta sp.nov.,S.(S.)furta(Linnaeus,1767)and S.(S.)taba Okada,1971.A total of 41 DNA sequences of partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I(COI)gene of 18 species of this subgenus are newly obtained in this study.These sequences along with other available barcoding sequences for this subgenus are incorporated in a molecular analysis using the neighbor-joining(NJ)method in order to assess the efficacy of DNA barcoding for delimiting these species.Habitus and a key to all Chinese Stegana(s.str.)species are provided.

Efficacy and Safety of Antibiotics for the Treatment of Relapsing Fever:A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis

Relapsing fever is an acute infectious disease caused by a variety of relapsing fever-associated spirochetes,for which no optimal treatment has been developed.The purposes of this study were to compare the efficacy and safety of commonly used antibiotics for the treatment of relapsing fever using a network meta-analysis approach and to explore the advantages of each drug based on the current evidence.This study examined nine published studies involving 1416 patients with relapsing fever treated with penicillin,erythromycin,tetracycline,doxycycline,minocycline or chloramphenicol.The odds ratio(OR)and 95% confidence interval(CI)were used as influence indices for discontinuous data,and the efficacy and safety of drugs were ranked by the surface under the cumulative ranking(SUCRA)curve.The primary outcomes of this study were mortality and cure rates,and the secondary outcomes were the rates of Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction and relapse.Erythromycin(SUCRA,84.5%)was the most effective antibiotic for reducing mortality,whereas tetracycline was the most effective antibiotic for improving the cure rate(SUCRA,69.3%)and reducing the relapse rate(SUCRA,79.7%),and minocycline(SUCRA,66.4%)was the most effective antibiotic for reducing Jarisch-Herxheimer reactions.In addition,our network meta-analysis showed that tetracycline is superior to penicillin for improving the cure rate(OR,5.91;95%CI,2.21-15.81)and reducing the relapse rate(OR,0.16;95%CI,0.04-0.67).

Axonemal Dynein DNAH5 is Required for Sound Sensation in Drosophila Larvae

Chordotonal neurons are responsible for sound sensation in Drosophila.However,little is known about how they respond to sound with high sensitivity.Using genetic labeling,we found one of the Drosophila axonemal dynein heavy chains,CG9492(DNAH5),was specifically expressed in larval chordotonal neurons and showed a distribution restricted to proximal cilia.While DNAH5 mutation did not affect the cilium morphology or the trafficking of Inactive,a candidate auditory transduction channel,larvae with DNAH5 mutation had reduced startle responses to sound at low and medium intensities.Calcium imaging confirmed that DNAH5 functioned autonomously in chordotonal neurons for larval sound sensation.Furthermore,disrupting DNAH5 resulted in a decrease of spike firing responses to low-level sound in chordotonal neurons.Intriguingly,DNAH5 mutant larvae displayed an altered frequency tuning curve of the auditory organs.All together,our findings support a critical role of DNAH5 in tuning the frequency selectivity and the sound sensitivity of larval auditory neurons.