Increasing Wages,Factor Substitution,and Cropping Pattern Changes in China

This article analyzed the influence of increasing wages on cropping patterns from theoretical and empirical perspectives.The results showed that the increasing labor cost provided a significant incentive to adjust the grain cropping pattern,which increased the production of the three major cereal grains but reduced the production of other grain crops.Increasing wages had a significant negative impact on cash crops.More laborintensive cash crops experienced a larger negative impact in the context of increasing wages.The increase in labor costs also had a negative impact on the proportion of vegetables produced,which was more evident in northern China.A further mechanism test indicated that factor substitution was a significant reason for cropping pattern changes;this illustrated the substitution of labor by machinery not only between grain crops and cash crops but also among different cash crops.

Epidemics,Convergence,and Common Prosperity:Evidence from China

This article investigates the impact of previous epidemics on rural development and convergence,and identifies the impacts mechanism based on convergence tests.Using a balanced panel of 31 provinces,the empirical results from 2002 to 2019 show that epidemics decelerated convergence in rural per capita income.The mechanism analysis shows that the accelerated divergence in wages and the decelerated convergence in business income were the major drivers,which also led to decelerated convergence in rural per capita consumption.Although epidemics have not threatened rural food consumption and the Engel coefficient of rural households,these two indicators of basic living needs have failed to achieve convergence across regions.The overall impact of an epidemic on convergence in rural-urban income disparity has also been insignificant,indicating that epidemics have affected rural and urban development simultaneously.Finally,COVID-19 is likely to decelerate convergence in rural income,rural consumption,and urban income.

Improving the Accuracy of Estimated Returns to Education in China--Based on Employment Rate, Career Length, and Income Growth

到教育的回来上的最实验的研究使用当前的收入由于纵的数据的缺乏为一生收入代理。这简化被发现引起偏导的估计，结果在被采用上是有条件的。这份报纸确定回来到有处于雇用率，事业长度，和收入生长率的异质的教育。用从中国的数据，这份报纸试图越过生命周期说明这些差别并且当实际一生收入数据不是可得到的时，以一生收入估计回来到教育。模型澄清在有条件的当前的回来之间的数学关系到教育，到教育的无条件的当前的回来，和无条件的一生回来到教育。这条新途径解释雇用率，事业长度，和收入生长率怎么在估计回来到教育影响偏爱的方向和大小。