DRC-Net Method for Two-dimensional Spectral Classification

Spectral classification plays a crucial role in the analysis of astronomical data.Currently,stellar spectral classification primarily relies on one-dimensional(1D)spectra and necessitates a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio(S/N).However,in cases where the S/N is low,obtaining valuable information becomes impractical.In this paper,we propose a novel model called DRC-Net(Double-branch celestial spectral classification network based on residual mechanisms)for stellar classification,which operates solely on two-dimensional(2D)spectra.The model consists of two branches that use 1D convolutions to reduce the dimensionality of the 2D spectral composed of both blue and red arms.In the following,the features extracted from both branches are fused,and the fused result undergoes further feature extraction before being fed into the classifier for final output generation.The data set is from the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope,comprising 15,680 spectra of F,G,and K types.The preprocessing process includes normalization and the early stopping mechanism.The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed DRC-Net achieved remarkable classification precision of 93.0%,83.5%,and86.9%for F,G,and K types,respectively,surpassing the performance of 1D spectral classification methods.Furthermore,different S/N intervals are tested to judge the classification ability of DRC-Net.The results reveal that DRC-Net,as a 2D spectral classification model,can deliver superior classification outcomes for the spectra with low S/Ns.These experimental findings not only validate the efficiency of DRC-Net but also confirm the enhanced noise resistance ability exhibited by 2D spectra.

Deep Learning Applications Based on WISE Infrared Data:Classification of Stars,Galaxies and Quasars

The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer(WISE)has detected hundreds of millions of sources over the entire sky.However,classifying them reliably is a great challenge due to degeneracies in WISE multicolor space and low detection levels in its two longest-wavelength bandpasses.In this paper,the deep learning classification network,IICnet(Infrared Image Classification network),is designed to classify sources from WISE images to achieve a more accurate classification goal.IICnet shows good ability on the feature extraction of the WISE sources.Experiments demonstrate that the classification results of IICnet are superior to some other methods;it has obtained 96.2%accuracy for galaxies,97.9%accuracy for quasars,and 96.4%accuracy for stars,and the Area Under Curve of the IICnet classifier can reach more than 99%.In addition,the superiority of IICnet in processing infrared images has been demonstrated in the comparisons with VGG16,GoogleNet,ResNet34,Mobile Net,EfficientNetV2,and RepVGG-fewer parameters and faster inference.The above proves that IICnet is an effective method to classify infrared sources.

Outcomes of preoperative chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery in patients with unresectable locally advanced sigmoid colon cancer

Background: Complete resection of locally advanced sigmoid colon cancer(LASCC) is sometimes difficult. Patients with LASCC have a dismal prognosis and poor quality of life, which has encouraged the evaluation of alternative multimodality treatments. This prospective study aimed to assess the feasibility and efficacy of neoadjuvant chemora?diotherapy(neo CRT) followed by surgery as treatment of selected patients with unresectable LASCC.Methods: We studied the patients with unresectable LASCC who received neo CRT followed by surgery between October 2010 and December 2012. The neoadjuvant regimen consisted of external?beam radiotherapy to 50 Gy and capecitabine?based chemotherapy every 3 weeks. Surgery was scheduled 6–8 weeks after radiotherapy.Results: Twenty?one patients were included in this study. The median follow?up was 42 months(range, 17–57 months). All patients completed neo CRT and surgery. Resection with microscopically negative margins(R0 resection) was achieved in 20 patients(95.2%). Pathologic complete response was observed in 8 patients(38.1%). Multivisceral resection was necessary in only 7 patients(33.3%). Two patients(9.5%) experienced grade 2 postopera?tive complications. No patients died within 30 days after surgery. For 18 patients with pathologic M0(yp M0) disease, the cumulative probability of 3?year local recurrence?free survival, disease?free survival and overall survival was 100.0%, 88.9% and 100.0%, respectively. For all 21 patients, the cumulative probability of 3?year overall survival was 95.2% and bladder function was well preserved.Conclusion: For patients with unresectable LASCC, preoperative chemoradiotherapy and surgery can be performed safely and may result in an increased survival rate.

Concurrent chemoradiotherapy combined with enteral nutrition support:a radical treatment strategy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients with malignant istulae

Background: Concurrent chemoradiotherapy(CCRT) significantly increases the survival rate of esophageal squa?mous cell carcinoma(ESCC) patients with malignant fistulae. Recent clinical evidence has shown the benefits of enteral nutrition for malnourished cancer patients. In this study, we aimed to validate that, with the support of enteral nutrition, ESCC patients who develop malignant fistulae might be able to complete CCRT and achieve long?term survival.Methods: We reviewed the medical records of 652 patients with ESCC who received definitive CCRT at Sun Yat?sen University Cancer Center between January 2010 and December 2012. Treatment outcome and toxicity were ret?rospectively evaluated in 40 ESCC patients with malignant fistulae. All the 40 patients were treated with CCRT and evaluated by clinical nutritionists using nutrition risk screening(NRS) before, during, and after treatment. Twenty?two patients received a nasogastric tube, and 18 underwent percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy feeding. The median energy intake was 2166 kcal/day. Treatment response was evaluated at 3 months after the completion of CCRT.Results: With a median follow?up of 18 months(range, 3–39 months), patients' 1?year overall survival(OS) rate was 62.5%, and the estimated OS time was 25.5 months. Univariate analysis showed that the NRS score(P n NRS score(P se to treatment(P < 0.001) were sig= 0.003), increase i= 0.024), fistula closure(P = 0.011), and responnifi?cantly associated with OS. Multivariate analysis showed that tumor response(P = 0.044) and increase in NRS score(P = 0.044) were independent predictors of OS. Grade 3 vomiting was observed in 8 patients(20.0%), grade 3 neutro?penia was observed in 11 patients(27.5%), and grade 3 cough was observed in 13 patients(32.5%); 2 patients(5.0%) died of massive bleeding during treatment.Conclusions: CCRT combined with enteral nutrition support is effective for ESCC patients with malignant fistulae. Patients have an increased potential to be cured, especially those who experience complete response and have an increase in NRS score. Careful observation and nutrition support are required for patients with advanced T?category ESCC who undergo CCRT.

Survival and prognostic factors of non-small cell lung cancer patients with postoperative locoregional recurrence treated with radical radiotherapy

Background: Locoregional recurrence remains the challenge for long-term survival of non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC) patients after radical surgery, and curative-intent radiotherapy could be a treatment choice. This study aimed to assess the survival and prognostic factors of patients with postoperative locoregionally recurrent NSCLC treated with radical radiotherapy.Methods: We reviewed medical records of 74 NSCLC patients with postoperative locoregional recurrence who received radical radiotherapy between April 2012 and February 2016 at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center(Guangzhou, China). The efficacy and safety of radical radiotherapy were analyzed. The probability of survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify prognostic factors.Results: Grade 3/4 adverse events included neutropenia(8 cases, 10.8%), esophagitis(7 cases, 9.5%), pneumonitis(1 case, 1.4%), and vomiting(1 case, 1.4%).The 2-year overall survival, progression-free survival, local recurrencefree survival(LRFS), and distant metastasis-free survival(DMFS) rates of all patients were 84.2,42.5,70.0, and 50.9%,respectively. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that a higher biological effective dose(BED) of radiation was associated with longer LRFS [hazard ratios(HR)=0.317,95% confidence interval(CI) = 0.112-0.899, P = 0.016] and that wild-type epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR) was associated with longer DMFS compared with EGFR mutation(HR = 0.383,95% CI=0.171-0.855, P = 0.019).Conclusions: Radical radiotherapy is effective and well-tolerated in NSCLC patients with postoperative locoregional recurrence. High BED is a predictor for long LRFS, and the presence of wild-type EGFR is a predictor for long DMFS.

非小细胞肺癌术后局部复发患者接受根治性放疗的生存及预后因素

背景与目的局部复发是影响根治性手术后非小细胞肺癌(non?small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)患者长期生存的重要因素之一,而根治性放疗可作为解决这一问题的可选治疗方案。本研究旨在评价接受根治性放疗的NSCLC术后局部复发患者的生存和预后因素。方法回顾2012年4月至2016年2月期间,在中山大学肿瘤防治中心接受根治性放疗的74例NSCLC术后局部复发患者的病历资料,分析根治性放疗的疗效和安全性。采用Kaplan-Meier法估算患者生存率,并用log-rank检验进行比较,采用Cox回归模型进行单、多因素分析。结果 3/4级不良事件包括中性粒细胞减少(8例,10.8%)、放射性食管炎(7例,9.5%)、放射性肺炎(1例,1.4%)和呕吐(1例,1.4%)。所有患者的2年总生存率、无进展生存率、局部无复发生存(local recurrence?free survival,LRFS)率和无远处转移生存(distant metastasis?free survival,DMFS)率分别为84.2%、42.5%、70.0%和50.9%。单因素和多因素分析显示,较高的生物等效剂量(biological effective dose,BED)与较长的LRFS相关(风险比[hazard ratios,HR]=0.317,95%置信区间[confidence interval,CI]:0.112–0.899,P=0.016),与表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)突变型患者相比,EGFR野生型患者的DMFS较长(HR=0.383,95%CI:0.171–0.855,P=0.019)。结论对于NSCLC术后局部复发患者应用根治性放疗治疗是安全有效的。BED与LRFS呈正相关,EGFR野生型患者DMFS较长。

Cycle number of neoadjuvant chemotherapy might influence survival of patients with T1-4N2-3M0 nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Objective: Stage N2-3 nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC) shows a high risk of distant metastasis, which will finally cause death. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy(NACT) of various cycles before radical radiotherapy on distant metastasis and survival of patients with stage N2-3 diseases.Methods: In this study, a total of 1,164 consecutive patients with non-metastatic N2-3 NPC were recruited and prospectively observed. Then 231 patients who received NACT of 4 cycles(NACT=4 group) were matched 1:2:1 to 462 patients treated with NACT of 2 cycles(NACT=2 group) and 231 patients treated without NACT(NACT=0 group), according to age, histological subtype, N stage and NACT regimen. Five candidate variables(sex, T stage, concurrent chemotherapy, intensity-modulated radiation therapy and cycle number of NACT) were analyzed for their association with patients' survival.Results: After matching, the overall survival(OS), disease-free survival(DFS), local-recurrence-free survival(RFS) and distant-metastasis-free survival(MFS) of the NACT=4 group(89.2%, 81.0%, 83.3% and 84.8%,respectively) were better than those of the NACT=2 group(83.3%, 72.5%, 81.2% and 77.9%, respectively) and the NACT=0 group(74.0%, 63.2%, 74.0% and 68.8%, respectively). In multivariate analysis, the cycle number of NACT maintained statistical significance on the OS, DFS, RFS and MFS(all P<0.05).Conclusions: For N2-3 NPC, cycle number of NACT appeared to be an independent factor associated with an improvement of survival.

Clival metastasis of renal clear cell carcinoma: Case report and literature review

The clivus is an atypical metastatic site for renal clear cell carcinoma(RCCC). Here we report a 54 year old man with acute cavernous sinus syndrome. Brain magnetic resonance imaging identified a clival-based lesion with associated bony erosion. The patient underwent endoscopic endonasal biopsy and partial resection of the clival mass. Because histologic examination of the resected specimen resulted in a diagnosis of RCCC, contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan of the abdomen was performed and showed an enhanced left renal mass. The patient subsequently underwent laparoscopic left radical nephrectomy and gamma knife was planned for the residual clival lesion. We also retrospectively reviewed available published reports on clival metastases, specifically those from RCCC, since 1990.

Mixed regulation model of ceramic particles with molten high-chromium iron KmTBCr26

Particle reinforced metal matrix composites have many problems such as complicated preparation process, high production costs, weak interface bonding between the ceramic and metal matrix, uneven distribution of ceramic particles and so on. To solve these problems, the method of "shoot mixing + pressure compositing"(SM-PC) and a mixed regulation model of ceramic particles with molten steel were proposed. In the shoot mixing process, the special designed die casting equipment was used to make the particles with the molten metal mixed in the runner at a certain ejection speed(150 mm·s^(-1)). After the mixture is filled with the mold, the pressure is maintained until the end of solidification. In order to optimize this method to obtain the more uniform particle distribution, the parameters(ejection speed, preheating temperature of particles, the shape and size of runner) in the model were selected for sample preparation. Taking the distribution index of particles as the evaluation criterion, it is concluded that the uniform distribution of particles can be promoted with the increase of ejection velocity, the increase of particle preheating temperature, and the small change of gate size. When the preheating temperature of particles was 1,100 °C, and the shape of the runner was trumpet, the optimal particle distribution composite parts was obtained. Meanwhile, the particles and the matrix achieved strong interface bonding-"Class I interface " under the pressure compositing, even though they're non-wetting.

同步放化疗联合肠内营养支持:食管鳞状细胞癌合并恶性瘘患者的根治策略

背景与目的同步放化疗(concurrent chemoradiotherapy,CCRT)可显著提高食管鳞状细胞癌(esophageal squamous cell carcinoma,ESCC)合并恶性瘘患者的生存率。最近的临床证据已经表明营养不良患者可从肠内营养中获益。本研究旨在验证在肠内营养支持下,发生恶性瘘的ESCC患者可能完成CCRT,并获得长期生存。方法我们回顾了2010年1月至2012年12月在中山大学肿瘤防治中心接受根治性CCRT的652例ESCC患者的病历。回顾性评价了40例食管癌合并恶性瘘患者的治疗结局及毒副反应。40例患者均接受了CCRT治疗,治疗前、中、后由临床营养师进行营养风险筛查(nutrition risk screening,NRS)评价。22例患者接受鼻胃管,18例接受经皮内镜胃造瘘术营养支持。中位能量摄入量为2166 kcal/d。在CCRT完成后的第3个月进行治疗反应评估。结果中位随访时间为18个月(范围:3–39个月),患者1年总生存(overall survival,OS)率为62.5%,估计OS的时间为25.5个月。单因素分析显示,NRS评分(P=0.003)、NRS评分增加(P=0.024)、瘘闭合(P=0.011)、治疗反应(P <0.001)与OS显著相关。多因素分析显示肿瘤反应(P=0.044)和NRS评分增加(P=0.044)是OS的独立预后因素。观察到3级呕吐8例(20.0%),3级中性粒细胞减少症11例(27.5%),3级咳嗽13例(32.5%),治疗期间死于大出血2例(5.0%)。结论 CCRT联合肠内营养支持治疗ESCC合并恶性瘘患者是有效的;患者治愈机会增加,尤其是那些完全缓解并表现NRS评分增加的患者。需要对接受CCRT的T分期较晚ESCC患者仔细观察和营养支持。

Improving Simulations of Vegetation Dynamics over the Tibetan Plateau:Role of Atmospheric Forcing Data and Spatial Resolution

The efficacy of vegetation dynamics simulations in offline land surface models(LSMs)largely depends on the quality and spatial resolution of meteorological forcing data.In this study,the Princeton Global Meteorological Forcing Data(PMFD)and the high spatial resolution and upscaled China Meteorological Forcing Data(CMFD)were used to drive the Simplified Simple Biosphere model version 4/Top-down Representation of Interactive Foliage and Flora Including Dynamics(SSiB4/TRIFFID)and investigate how meteorological forcing datasets with different spatial resolutions affect simulations over the Tibetan Plateau(TP),a region with complex topography and sparse observations.By comparing the monthly Leaf Area Index(LAI)and Gross Primary Production(GPP)against observations,we found that SSiB4/TRIFFID driven by upscaled CMFD improved the performance in simulating the spatial distributions of LAI and GPP over the TP,reducing RMSEs by 24.3%and 20.5%,respectively.The multi-year averaged GPP decreased from 364.68 gC m^(-2)yr^(-1)to 241.21 gC m^(-2)yr^(-1)with the percentage bias dropping from 50.2%to-1.7%.When using the high spatial resolution CMFD,the RMSEs of the spatial distributions of LAI and GPP simulations were further reduced by 7.5%and 9.5%,respectively.This study highlights the importance of more realistic and high-resolution forcing data in simulating vegetation growth and carbon exchange between the atmosphere and biosphere over the TP.

红外热像技术在中医未病诊疗中的应用

本文阐述了红外热像检测技术原理,介绍了现代中医未病诊疗系统,以及红外热像在现代中医检测中的作用,并对该技术在现代中医的应用前景做出展望。

Photometric redshift estimation of galaxies with Convolutional Neural Network

The abundant photometric data collected from multiple large-scale sky surveys give important opportunities for photometric redshift estimation.However,low accuracy is still a serious issue in the current photometric redshift estimation methods.In this paper,we propose a novel two-stage approach by integration of Self Organizing Map(SOM)and Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)methods together.The SOM-CNN method is tested on the dataset of 150000 galaxies from Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 13(SDSS-DR13).Inthe first stage,we apply the SOM algorithm to photometric data clustering and divide the samples into early-type and late-type.In the second stage,the SOM-CNN model is established to estimate the photometric redshifts of galaxies.Next,the precision rate and recall rate curves(PRC)are given to evaluate the models of SOM-CNN and Back Propagation(BP).It can been seen from the PRC that the SOM-CNN model is better than BP,and the area of SOM-CNN is 0.94,while the BP is 0.91.Finally,we provide two key error indicators:mean square error(MSE)and Outliers.Our results show that the MSE of early-type is 0.0014 while late-type is 0.0019,which are better than the BP algorithm 22.2%and 26%,respectively.When compared with Outliers,our result is optimally 1.32%,while the K-nearest neighbor(KNN)algorithm has 3.93%.In addition,we also provide the error visualization figures aboutΔZ andδ.According to the statistical calculations,the early-type with an error of less than 0.1 accounts for 98.86%,while the late-type is 99.03%.This result is better than those reported in the literature.

Surface available gravitational potential energy in the world oceans

Satellite altimetry observations,including the upcoming Surface Water and Ocean Topography mission,provide snapshots of the global sea surface high anomaly field.The common practice in analyzing these surface elevation data is to convert them into surface velocity based on the geostrophic approximation.With increasing horizontal resolution in satellite observations,sea surface elevation data will contain many dynamical signals other than the geostrophic velocity.A new physical quantity,the available surface potential energy,is conceptually introduced in this study defined as the density multiplied by half of the squared deviation from the local mean reference surface elevation.This gravitational potential energy is an intrinsic property of the sea surface height field and it is an important component of ocean circulation energetics,especially near the sea surface.In connection with other energetic terms,this new variable may help us better understand the dynamics of oceanic circulation,in particular the processes in connection with the free surface data collected through satellite altimetry.The preliminary application of this concept to the numerically generated monthly mean Global Ocean Data Assimilation System data and Archiving,Validation,and Interpretation of Satellite Oceanographic altimeter data shows that the available surface potential energy is potentially linked to other dynamic variables,such as the total kinetic energy,eddy kinetic energy and available potential energy.

106 New Emission-line Galaxies and 29 New Galactic HⅡ Regions are Identified with Spectra in the Unknown Data Set of LAMOST DR7

This work is to retrieve emission-line spectra from the“Unknown”data set in LAMOST DR7 V1.2,most of which are low signal-to-noise ratios spectra.In the work,we perform emission line search and redshift calculations on the Unknown data set to get possible emission line galaxy spectra.Taking the galaxy spectra released by LAMOST as templates,the Product Quantization(PQ)based approximate nearest neighbor(ANN)search is used to retrieve the nearest neighbors of each spectrum.We keep the spectra for which the calculated redshift and the published redshift of the template meet the threshold,and 16,188 spectra with emission lines are obtained from the LAMOST DR7 Unknown data set.After visual inspection of spectra 10,266 spectra are left,in which 5828 spectra are identified as emission-line galaxies,1782 spectra show ionization nebula features,and other 2656 are not clearly classified.Among 5828 spectra,5720 can be found in Strasbourg astronomical Data Center catalog,Sloan Digital Sky Survey catalog,or NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database catalog.The 108 spectra(corresponding to 106unique coordinates of R.A.and decl.)which have no record in these three databases are new discoveries;for the1782 spectra showing ionization nebula features,most of them have radial velocities less than 150 kilometers per second.We check them with the latest version of WISE HⅡcatalog V2.0(short for HIICat V2)and 985 out of the1782 spectra belong to 72 HⅡregions.Of these HⅡregions,43 were previously identified while the other 29 are newly identified in this work including 797 newly observed spectra.Besides,there are still 2656 spectra that cannot be clearly classified although they have obvious emission lines and with small redshift.Finally,106 new emissionline galaxies and 29 new Galactic HⅡregions are identified,and we conclude that the ANN method sped up by the PQ algorithm is efficient in solving the problem of pairing spectra with massive data set to figure out their classes.We present our result at the link http://paperdata.china-vo.org/LY_paper/Work2/press Work2_last.zip.

Classification and microsurgical treatment of foramen magnum meningioma

Background To investigate the classification and microsurgical treatment of foramen magnum meningioma(FMM).Methods We retrospectively analyzed 76 patients with FMM and classified them into two classifications,classification ABS according to the relationship between the FMM and the brainstem and classification SIM according to the relationship between the FMM and the vertebral artery(VA).All patients underwent either the far lateral approach(54 cases)or the suboccipital midline approach(22 cases).Results Of the 76 cases,47 cases were located ahead of the brainstem(A),16 cases at the back of the brainstem(B),and 13 cases were located laterally to the brainstem(S).There were 15 cases located superior to the VA(S),49 cases were inferior(I),and 12 cases were mixed type(M).Among 76 cases,71 cases were resected with Simpson grade 2(93.42%),3 with Simpson grade 3(3.95%),and 2 with Simpson grade 4(2.63%).We summarized four anatomical triangles:triangles SOT,VOT,JVV,and TVV.The mean postoperative Karnofsky performance score was improved in all patients(p<0.05).However,several complications occurred,including hoarseness and CSF leak.Conclusion ABS and SIM classifications are objective indices for choosing the surgical approach and predicting the difficulty of FMMs,and it is of great importance to master the content,position relationship with the tumor,and variable anatomical structures in the four"triangles"for the success of the operation.

Morphological Classification of Infrared Galaxies Based on WISE

This study introduces a novel convolutional neural network,the WISE Galaxy Classification Network(WGC),for classifying spiral and elliptical galaxies using Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer(WISE)images.WGC attains an accuracy of 89.03%,surpassing the combined use of K-means or SVM with the Color-Color method in more accurately identifying galaxy morphologies.The enhanced variant,WGC_mag,integrates magnitude parameters with image features,further boosting the accuracy to 89.89%.The research also delves into the criteria for galaxy classification,discovering that WGC primarily categorizes dust-rich images as elliptical galaxies,corresponding to their lower star formation rates,and classifies less dusty images as spiral galaxies.The paper explores the consistency and complementarity of WISE infrared images with SDSS optical images in galaxy morphology classification.The SDSS Galaxy Classification Network(SGC),trained on SDSS images,achieved an accuracy of 94.64%.The accuracy reached 99.30% when predictions from SGC and WGC were consistent.Leveraging the complementarity of features in WISE and SDSS images,a novel variant of a classifier,namely the Multi-band Galaxy Morphology Integrated Classifier,has been developed.This classifier elevates the overall prediction accuracy to 95.39%.Lastly,the versatility of WGC was validated in other data sets.On the HyperLEDA data set,the distinction between elliptical galaxies and Sc,Scd and Sd spiral galaxies was most pronounced,achieving an accuracy of 90%,surpassing the classification results of the Galaxy Zoo 2 labeled WISE data set.This research not only demonstrates the effectiveness of WISE images in galaxy morphology classification but also represents an attempt to integrate multi-band astronomical data to enhance understanding of galaxy structures and evolution.

消朦灵对糖尿病大鼠视网膜TNF-α及JAK/STAT信号转导通路的调控作用

目的:探讨消朦灵片对肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和Janus激酶2/信号转导与转录激活子途径5(JAK2/STAT5)信号通路的调控作用,及防治糖尿病视网膜病变的机理。方法:实验研究。选取50只SD雄性大鼠,随机抽取8只作为空白组。余42只以链脲佐菌素(STZ)腹腔注射诱导制作糖尿病大鼠模型;造模成功40只,随机分成模型组、低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组,每组10只。模型组不予处理,低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组分别给予消朦灵片0.1g/100g、0.2g/100g、0.3g/100g进行治疗。治疗4个月后观察各组大鼠体质量、血糖变化。通过光学显微镜及透射电子显微镜观察视网膜超微结构变化。采用WesternBlot法检测TNF-α、JAK2/STAT5蛋白表达的变化。对相关数据行重复测量资料的方差分析及单因素方差分析。结果:空白组大鼠视网膜中TNF-α、JAK/STAT有少量表达,模型组表达较多,消朦灵低剂量、中剂量、高剂量组表达依次减少,其中高剂量组表达明显下降,差异有统计学意义(F=4.61、4.23、3.28,P<0.05)。生物光学显微镜下大鼠视网膜结构,空白组结构正常;模型组各层组织排列紊乱,视网膜水肿,毛细血管扩张明显,神经节细胞数量减少,细胞核固缩,内核层空泡变性;高剂量组视网膜各层排列欠规则,轻度水肿,神经节细胞及内核层数量减少。透射电镜下空白组大鼠视网膜结构正常;模型组外节膜盘中段断裂、溶解、溃变,线粒体嵴消失,排列不规则,视锥细胞形态不规则,核中染色质分布不均匀,毛细血管基底膜增厚,管腔狭窄;高剂量组视网膜外节膜盘间隙扩大,排列欠整齐,部分线粒体肿胀变形,视锥细胞核染色欠均匀,毛细血管基底膜厚度不均匀。结论:消朦灵对糖尿病大鼠视网膜中TNF-α、JAK/STAT信号通路有显著的调控作用,能有效防止糖尿病视网膜微血管病变,延缓糖尿病视网膜病变的进程。

Development of Land Surface Model BCC＿AVIM2.0 and Its Preliminary Performance in LS3MIP/CMIP6

The improvements and validation of several parameterization schemes in the second version of the Beijing Climate Center Atmosphere–Vegetation Interaction Model(BCC_AVIM2.0) are introduced in this study. The main updates include a replacement of the water-only lake module by the common land model lake module(Co LM-lake) with a more realistic snow–ice–water–soil framework, a parameterization scheme for rice paddies added in the vegetation module, renewed parameterizations of snow cover fraction and snow surface albedo to accommodate the varied snow aging effect during different stages of a snow season, a revised parameterization to calculate the threshold temperature to initiate freeze(thaw) of soil water(ice) rather than being fixed at 0°C in BCC_AVIM1.0, a prognostic phenology scheme for vegetation growth instead of empirically prescribed dates for leaf onset/fall, and a renewed scheme to depict solar radiation transfer through the vegetation canopy. The above updates have been implemented in BCC_AVIM2.0 to serve as the land component of the BCC Climate System Model(BCC_CSM). Preliminary results of BCC_AVIM in the ongoing Land Surface, Snow, and Soil Moisture Model Intercomparison Project(LS3 MIP) of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6) show that the overall performance of BCC_AVIM2.0 is better than that of BCC_AVIM1.0 in the simulation of surface energy budgets at the seasonal timescale. Comparing the simulations of annual global land average before and after the updates in BCC_AVIM2.0 reveals that the bias of net surface radiation is reduced from-12.0 to-11.7 W m-2 and the root mean square error(RMSE) is reduced from 20.6 to 19.0 W m-2;the bias and RMSE of latent heat flux are reduced from 2.3 to-0.1 W m-2 and from 15.4 to14.3 W m-2, respectively;the bias of sensible heat flux is increased from 2.5 to 5.1 W m-2 but the RMSE is reduced from 18.4 to 17.0 W m-2.