Dynamic foraging strategy adaptation to heterogeneous environments contributes to social aggregation in snub-nosed monkeys

The dynamics of animal social structures are heavily influenced by environmental patterns of competition and cooperation.In folivorous colobine primates,prevailing theories suggest that larger group sizes should be favored in rainforests with a year-round abundance of food,thereby reducing feeding competition.Yet,paradoxically,larger groups are frequently found in high-altitude or high-latitude montane ecosystems characterized by a seasonal scarcity of leaves.This contradiction is posited to arise from cooperative benefits in heterogeneous environments.To investigate this hypothesis,we carried out a six-year field study on two neighboring groups of golden snub-nosed monkey(Rhinopithecus roxellana),a species representing the northernmost distribution of colobine primates.Results showed that the groups adjusted their movement and habitat selection in response to fluctuating climates and spatiotemporal variability of resources,indicative of a dynamic foraging strategy.Notably,during the cold,resource-scarce conditions in winter,the large group occupied food-rich habitats but did not exhibit significantly longer daily travel distances than the smaller neighboring group.Subsequently,we compiled an eco-behavioral dataset of 52 colobine species to explore their evolutionary trajectories.Analysis of this dataset suggested that the increase in group size may have evolved via home range expansion in response to the cold and heterogeneous climates found at higher altitudes or latitudes.Hence,we developed a multi-benefits framework to interpret the formation of larger groups by integrating environmental heterogeneity.In cold and diverse environments,even smaller groups require larger home ranges to meet their dynamic survival needs.The spatiotemporal distribution of high-quality resources within these expanded home ranges facilitates more frequent interactions between groups,thereby encouraging social aggregation into larger groups.This process enhances the benefits of collaborative actions and reproductive opportunities,while simultaneously optimizing travel costs through a dynamic foraging strategy.

Effectiveness of surgical resection for complicated liver cancer and its influencing factors: A retrospective study

BACKGROUND Surgical resection is the preferred method for patients with complex liver cancer.But the tumor is in a special position,the surgery is highly risky,postoperative complications can easily occur,and the prognosis is not ideal.AIM To investigate the effectiveness of surgical resection for complex liver cancer and its influencing factors.METHODS Fifty-seven patients who had complicated liver cancer and underwent surgical resection at our hospital from August 2015 to August 2016 were enrolled in this study.All patients were followed for three years,and their postoperative complications,survival,and factors that impacted their survival were analyzed.RESULTS The total incidence of postoperative complications was 45.61%,and the incidence of pleural effusion was the highest at 28.07%.There were no correlations between the 2-year and 3-year survival rates and sex,age,and HbsAg of the patients(P>0.05).In terms of pathological parameters,the 2-year and 3-year survival rates were significantly different according to the presence of a tumor capsule,degree of liver cirrhosis,satellite or focal lesions,hepatic vein thrombosis,portal vein tumor thrombus,and intraoperative blood loss(P<0.05).CONCLUSION be affected by factors such as the presence of a tumor capsule,cirrhosis degree,satellite or focal lesions,hepatic vein embolization,portal vein tumor thrombus,and intraoperative blood loss.Therefore,these factors should be controlled and prevented during surgery to help improve patient survival after surgery.

Retinol dehydrogenase 10 promotes metastasis of glioma cells via the transforming growth factor-β/SMAD signaling pathway

Background:Glioma is the most common primary malignant tumor in the central nervous system. Because of the resistance of glioma to chemoradiotherapy and its aggressive growth, the survival rate of patients with glioma has not improved. This study aimed to disclose the effect of retinol dehydrogenase 10 (RDH10) on the migration and invasion of glioma cells, and to explore the potential mechanism.Methods:Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to determine the expression levels of RDH10 in healthy glial cells and glioma cells. Human glioma cell strains, U87 and U251, were infected with negative control or RDH10-interfering lentiviruses. RT-PCR and Western blotting were performed to determine the knockdown efficiency. Scratch and transwell assays were used to assess cell migration and invasion after RDH10 knockdown. Finally, changes in transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/SMAD signaling pathway-related expression were examined by Western blotting. Differences between groups were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance.Results:RDH10 was highly expressed in glioma cells. Compared with the control group, RDH10 knockdown significantly reduced RDH10 messenger RNA and protein expression levels in U87 and U251 glioma cells (U87: 1.00 ± 0.08 vs. 0.22 ± 0.02, t= 16.55, P < 0.001;U251: 1.00 ± 0.17 vs. 0.39 ± 0.01, t= 6.30, P < 0.001). The scratch assay indicated that compared with the control group, RDH10 knockdown significantly inhibited the migration of glioma cells (U87: 1.00% ± 0.04% vs. 2.00% ± 0.25%, t= 6.08, P < 0.01;U251: 1.00% ± 0.11% vs. 2.48% ± 0.31%, t= 5.79, P < 0.01). Furthermore, RDH10 knockdown significantly inhibited the invasive capacity of glioma cells (U87: 97.30 ± 7.01 vs. 13.70 ± 0.58, t = 20.36, P < 0.001;U251: 96.20 ± 7.10 vs. 18.30 ± 2.08, t = 18.51, P < 0.001). Finally, Western blotting demonstrated that compared with the control group, downregulation of RDH10 significantly inhibited TGF-β expression, phosphorylated SMAD2, and phosphorylated SMAD3 (TGF-β: 1.00 ± 0.10 vs. 0.53 ± 0.06, t= 7.05, P < 0.01;phosphorylated SMAD2: 1.00 ± 0.20 vs. 0.42 ± 0.17, t= 4.01, P < 0.01;phosphorylated SMAD3: 1.00 ± 0.18 vs. 0.41 ± 0.12, t= 4.12, P < 0.01).Conclusion:RDH10 knockdown might inhibit metastasis of glioma cells via the TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway.

Suppression of top-up injection backgrounds with offline event filter in the BESIII experiment

Background It is imperative that high-quality data should be accumulated to guarantee the correctness and accuracy of physics results in particle physics experiments.The top-up injection of BEPCII has achieved a definite improvement in integrated luminosity,but simultaneously has an obvious impact on the background level of the data acquired by the BESIII detector due to frequent beam injections.Methods An online trigger veto and an offline eventfilter have been developed and applied to eliminate the contaminated events from the data samples for physics research.Results and Conclusion The design and implementation of offline eventfilter are described in this article.The upgraded offline data processing procedure with offline eventfilter was executed smoothly in recent years and ensured data acquisition and processing with optimal efficiency and sufficient quality in BESIII experiment.