Expression of caspase-3 and hypoxia inducible factor 1αin hepatocellular carcinoma complicated by hemorrhage and necrosis

BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is a malignant tumor that occurs in the liver.Its onset is latent,and it shows high heterogeneity and can readily experience intrahepatic metastasis or systemic metastasis,which seriously affects patients’quality of life.Numerous studies have shown that hypoxia inducible factor1α(HIF-1α)plays a significant role in the occurrence and development of tumors,as it promotes the formation of intratumoral vessels and plays a key role in their metastasis and invasion.Some studies have reported that caspase-3,which is induced by various factors,is involved in the apoptosis of tumor cells.AIM To investigate the expression of caspase-3 and HIF-1αand their relationship to the prognosis of patients with primary HCC complicated by pathological changes of hemorrhage and necrosis.METHODS A total of 88 patients with HCC complicated by pathological changes of hemorrhage and necrosis who were treated at our hospital from January 2017 to December 2019 were selected.The expression of caspase-3 and HIF-1αin HCC and paracancerous tissues from these patients was assessed.RESULTS The positive expression rate of caspase-3 in HCC tissues was 27.27%,which was significantly lower than that in the paracancerous tissues(P<0.05),while the positive expression rate of HIF-1αwas 72.73%,which was significantly higher than that in the paracancerous tissues(P<0.05).The positive expression rates for caspase-3 in tumor node metastasis(TNM)stage III and lymph node metastasis tissues were 2.78%and 2.50%,respectively,which were significantly lower than those in TNM stage I-II and non-lymph node metastasis tissues(P<0.05).The positive expression rates of HIF-1αin TNM stage III,lymph node metastasis,and portal vein tumor thrombus tissues were 86.11%,87.50%,and 88.00%,respectively,and these values were significantly higher than those in TNM stage I-II,non-lymph node metastasis,and portal vein tumor thrombus tissues(P<0.05).The expression of caspase-3 and HIF-1αin HCC tissues were negatively correlated(rs=−0.426,P<0.05).The median overall survival time of HCC patients was 18.90 mo(95%CI:17.20–19.91).The results of the Cox proportional risk regression model analysis showed that TNM stage,portal vein tumor thrombus,lymph node metastasis,caspase-3 expression,and HIF-1αexpression were the factors influencing patient prognosis(P<0.05).CONCLUSION The expression of caspase-3 decreases and HIF-1αincreases in HCC tissues complicated by pathological changes of hemorrhage and necrosis,and these are related to clinicopathological features and prognosis.

Choice of operative method for pancreaticojejunostomy and a multivariable study of pancreatic leakage in pancreaticoduodenectomy

BACKGROUND As one of the major abdominal operations,pancreaticoduodenectomy(PD)involves many organs.The operation is complex,and the scope of the operation is large,which can cause significant trauma in patients.The operation has a high rate of complications.Pancreatic leakage is the main complication after PD.When pancreatic leakage occurs after PD,it can often lead to abdominal bleeding and infection,threatening the lives of patients.One study found that pancreatic leakage was affected by many factors including the choice of pancreaticojejunostomy method which can be well controlled.AIM To investigate the choice of operative methods for pancreaticojejunostomy and to conduct a multivariate study of pancreatic leakage in PD.METHODS A total of 420 patients undergoing PD in our hospital from January 2014 to March 2019 were enrolled and divided into group A(n=198)and group B(n=222)according to the pancreatointestinal anastomosis method adopted during the operation.Duct-to-mucosa pancreatojejunostomy was performed in group A and bundled pancreaticojejunostomy was performed in group B.The operation time,intraoperative blood loss,and pancreatic leakage of the two groups were assessed.The occurrence of pancreatic leakage after the operation in different patients was analyzed.RESULTS The differences in operative time and intraoperative bleeding between groups A and B were not significant(P>0.05).In group A,the time of pancreatojejunostomy was 26.03±4.40 min and pancreatic duct diameter was 3.90±1.10 mm.These measurements were significantly higher than those in group B(P<0.05).The differences in the occurrence of pancreatic leakage,abdominal infection,abdominal hemorrhage and gastric retention between group A and group B were not significant(P>0.05).The rates of pancreatic leakage in patients with preoperative albumin<30 g/L,preoperative jaundice time≥8 wk,and pancreatic duct diameter<3 mm,were 23.33%,33.96%,and 19.01%,respectively.These were significantly higher than those in patients with preoperative albumin≥30 g/L,preoperative jaundice time<8 wk,and pancreatic duct diameter≥3 cm(P<0.05).Logistic regression analysis showed that preoperative albumin<30 g/L,preoperative jaundice time≥8 wk,and pancreatic duct diameter<3 mm were risk factors for pancreatic leakage after PD(odds ratio=2.038,2.416 and 2.670,P<0.05).CONCLUSION The pancreatointestinal anastomosis method during PD has no significant effect on the occurrence of pancreatic leakage.The main risk factors for pancreatic leakage include preoperative albumin,preoperative jaundice time,and pancreatic duct diameter.