Axonal degeneration is a pivotal feature of many neurodegenerative conditions and substantially accounts for neurological morbidity. A widely used experimental model to study the mechanisms of axonal degeneration is W...Axonal degeneration is a pivotal feature of many neurodegenerative conditions and substantially accounts for neurological morbidity. A widely used experimental model to study the mechanisms of axonal degeneration is Wallerian degeneration （WD）, which occurs after acute axonal injury. In the peripheral nervous system （PNS）, WD is characterized by swift dismantling and clearance of injured axons with their myelin sheaths. This is a prerequisite for successful axonal regeneration. In the central nervous system （CNS）, WD is much slower, which significantly contributes to failed axonal regeneration. Although it is well documented that Schwann cells （SCs） have a critical role in the regenerative potential of the PNS, to date we have only scarce knowledge as to how SCs ＇sense＇ axonal injury and immediately respond to it. In this regard, it remains unknown as to whether SCs play the role of a passive bystander or an active director during the execution of the highly orchestrated disintegration program of axons. Older reports, together with more recent studies, suggest that SCs mount dynamic injury responses minutes after axonal injury, long before axonal breakdown occurs. The swift SC response to axonal injury could play either a pro degenerative role, or alternatively a supportive role, to the integrity of distressed axons that have not yet committed to degenerate. Indeed, supporting the latter concept, recent 昀ndings in a chronic PNS neurodegeneration model indicate that deactivation of a key molecule promoting SC injury responses exacerbates axonal loss. If this holds true in a broader spectrum of conditions, it may provide the grounds for the development of new glia-centric therapeutic approaches to counteract axonal loss.展开更多
Extract The contrary but interrelated processes of axon degeneration and regeneration are the yin and yang of many neurodegenerative conditions. Here we discuss recent evidence for metabolic cross-talk between glia an...Extract The contrary but interrelated processes of axon degeneration and regeneration are the yin and yang of many neurodegenerative conditions. Here we discuss recent evidence for metabolic cross-talk between glia and injured axons regulating these processes. We especially focus on potential bioenergetic mechanisms as to how axon-flanking glia may promote regeneration.展开更多
基金supported by Muscular Dystrophy Association grants#292306 and#236648Empire State Development Corporation for HJKRI Grants W753 and U446+1 种基金Hunter’s Hope FoundationUniversity at Buffalo IMPACT funding
文摘Axonal degeneration is a pivotal feature of many neurodegenerative conditions and substantially accounts for neurological morbidity. A widely used experimental model to study the mechanisms of axonal degeneration is Wallerian degeneration （WD）, which occurs after acute axonal injury. In the peripheral nervous system （PNS）, WD is characterized by swift dismantling and clearance of injured axons with their myelin sheaths. This is a prerequisite for successful axonal regeneration. In the central nervous system （CNS）, WD is much slower, which significantly contributes to failed axonal regeneration. Although it is well documented that Schwann cells （SCs） have a critical role in the regenerative potential of the PNS, to date we have only scarce knowledge as to how SCs ＇sense＇ axonal injury and immediately respond to it. In this regard, it remains unknown as to whether SCs play the role of a passive bystander or an active director during the execution of the highly orchestrated disintegration program of axons. Older reports, together with more recent studies, suggest that SCs mount dynamic injury responses minutes after axonal injury, long before axonal breakdown occurs. The swift SC response to axonal injury could play either a pro degenerative role, or alternatively a supportive role, to the integrity of distressed axons that have not yet committed to degenerate. Indeed, supporting the latter concept, recent 昀ndings in a chronic PNS neurodegeneration model indicate that deactivation of a key molecule promoting SC injury responses exacerbates axonal loss. If this holds true in a broader spectrum of conditions, it may provide the grounds for the development of new glia-centric therapeutic approaches to counteract axonal loss.
基金supported by grants from the National Institute of Health(R01NS111024)the Muscular Dystrophy Association(577844)+1 种基金Funding provided through the Empire State Development Corporation for Hunter James Kelly Research Institute grant nos.W753 and U446the Hunter’s Hope Foundation(to BB)。
文摘Extract The contrary but interrelated processes of axon degeneration and regeneration are the yin and yang of many neurodegenerative conditions. Here we discuss recent evidence for metabolic cross-talk between glia and injured axons regulating these processes. We especially focus on potential bioenergetic mechanisms as to how axon-flanking glia may promote regeneration.
