Innovative Technologies for Large-Scale Water Production in Arid Regions: Strategies for Sustainable Development

Water scarcity in arid regions poses significant challenges to sustainable development and human well-being. This article explores both existing and innovative technologies and methods to produce large amounts of water to address these challenges effectively. Key approaches include atmospheric water generation, advanced desalination techniques, innovative water collection methods such as fog nets and dew harvesting, geothermal water extraction, and water recycling and reuse. Each method is evaluated for its feasibility with existing technology, potential time of implementation, required investments, and specific challenges. By leveraging these technologies and combining them into a multifaceted water management strategy, it is possible to enhance water security, support agricultural and industrial activities, and improve living conditions in arid regions. Collaborative efforts between governments, private sector entities, and research institutions are crucial to advancing these technologies and ensuring their sustainable implementation. The article provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of these technologies, their potential for large-scale application, and recommendations for future research and development.

Objective Model Selection in Physics: Exploring the Finite Information Quantity Approach

Traditional methods for selecting models in experimental data analysis are susceptible to researcher bias, hindering exploration of alternative explanations and potentially leading to overfitting. The Finite Information Quantity (FIQ) approach offers a novel solution by acknowledging the inherent limitations in information processing capacity of physical systems. This framework facilitates the development of objective criteria for model selection (comparative uncertainty) and paves the way for a more comprehensive understanding of phenomena through exploring diverse explanations. This work presents a detailed comparison of the FIQ approach with ten established model selection methods, highlighting the advantages and limitations of each. We demonstrate the potential of FIQ to enhance the objectivity and robustness of scientific inquiry through three practical examples: selecting appropriate models for measuring fundamental constants, sound velocity, and underwater electrical discharges. Further research is warranted to explore the full applicability of FIQ across various scientific disciplines.

Unleashing the Power of Information Theory: Enhancing Accuracy in Modeling Physical Phenomena

When building a model of a physical phenomenon or process, scientists face an inevitable compromise between the simplicity of the model (qualitative-quantitative set of variables) and its accuracy. For hundreds of years, the visual simplicity of a law testified to the genius and depth of the physical thinking of the scientist who proposed it. Currently, the desire for a deeper physical understanding of the surrounding world and newly discovered physical phenomena motivates researchers to increase the number of variables considered in a model. This direction leads to an increased probability of choosing an inaccurate or even erroneous model. This study describes a method for estimating the limit of measurement accuracy, taking into account the stage of model building in terms of storage, transmission, processing and use of information by the observer. This limit, due to the finite amount of information stored in the model, allows you to select the optimal number of variables for the best reproduction of the observed object and calculate the exact values of the threshold discrepancy between the model and the phenomenon under study in measurement theory. We consider two examples: measurement of the speed of sound and measurement of physical constants.

Advancing Scientific Rigor: Towards a Universal Informational Criterion for Assessing Model-Phenomenon Mismatch

The escalating costs of research and development, coupled with the influx of researchers, have led to a surge in published articles across scientific disciplines. However, concerns have arisen regarding the accuracy, validity, and reproducibility of reported findings. Issues such as replication problems, fraudulent practices, and a lack of expertise in measurement theory and uncertainty analysis have raised doubts about the reliability and credibility of scientific research. Rigorous assessment practices in certain fields highlight the importance of identifying potential errors and understanding the relationship between technical parameters and research outcomes. To address these concerns, a universally applicable criterion called comparative certainty is urgently needed. This criterion, grounded in an analysis of the modeling process and information transmission, accumulation, and transformation in both theoretical and applied research, aims to evaluate the acceptable deviation between a model and the observed phenomenon. It provides a theoretically grounded framework applicable to all scientific disciplines adhering to the International System of Units (SI). Objective evaluations based on this criterion can enhance the reproducibility and reliability of scientific investigations, instilling greater confidence in published findings. Establishing this criterion would be a significant stride towards ensuring the robustness and credibility of scientific research across disciplines.

From Black Holes to Information Erasure: Uniting Bekenstein’s Bound and Landauer’s Principle

This research aims to integrate Bekenstein’s bound and Landauer’s principle, providing a unified framework to understand the limits of information and energy in physical systems. By combining these principles, we explore the implications for black hole thermodynamics, astrophysics, astronomy, information theory, and the search for new laws of nature. The result includes an estimation of the number of bits stored in a black hole (less than 1.4 × 1030 bits/m3), enhancing our understanding of information storage in extreme gravitational environments. This integration offers valuable insights into the fundamental nature of information and energy, impacting scientific advancements in multiple disciplines.

Precise Measurements of the Gravitational Constant: Revaluation by the Information Approach

The gravitational constant discovered by Newton is still measured with a relative uncertainty that is several orders of magnitude larger than the relative uncertainty of other fundamental constants. Numerous methods are used to measure it. This article discusses the information-oriented approach for analyzing the achievable relative measurement uncertainty, in which the magnitude of the gravitational constant can be considered as plausible. A comparison is made and the advantages and disadvantages of various methods are discussed in terms of the possibility of achieving higher accuracy using a new metric called comparative uncertainty, which was proposed by Brillouin.

The Problem of Identifying Possible Signals of Extra-Terrestrial Civilizations in the Framework of the Information-Based Method

Aims: The purpose of this work is to formulate the requirements for future methods of searching for extra-terrestrial civilizations by use of the concepts of information theory and the theoretically grounded method. Methodology: To realize it, the number of dimensionless criteria contained in the International System of Units (SI) has been calculated. This value, without additional assumptions, allows us to present a formula for calculating the comparative uncertainty of the model of any physical phenomenon. Based on these formulas, the magnitude of the inevitable threshold of misunderstanding of two civilizations in the universe is determined. Results: New theoretical recommendations for choosing the most effective methods to search the techno signatures of extra-terrestrial civilizations are formulated. Conclusion: Using the calculated amount of information embedded in the model, we showed that the most promising methods for finding potential residents in the Universe should combine frequency radiation with thermal or electromagnetic quantities.

High Accuracy When Measuring Physical Constants: From the Perspective of the Information-Theoretic Approach

The practical value of high-precision models of the studied physical phenomena and technological processes is a decisive factor in science and technology. Currently, numerous methods and criteria for optimizing models have been proposed. However, the classification of measurement uncertainties due to the number of variables taken into account and their qualitative choice is still not given sufficient attention. The goal is to develop a new criterion suitable for any groups of experimental data obtained as a result of applying various measurement methods. Using the “information-theoretic method”, we propose two procedures for analyzing experimental results using a quantitative indicator to calculate the relative uncertainty of the measurement model, which, in turn, determines the legitimacy of the declared value of a physical constant. The presented procedure is used to analyze the results of measurements of the Boltzmann constant, Planck constant, Hubble constant and gravitational constant.

Uncertainty Estimation of Refrigeration Equipment Using the Information Approach

Aims: The purpose of this work is to present the information approach as the only effective tool that allows us to calculate the uncertainty of any result of the study on the use of refrigeration equipment. Methodology: Using the definitions and formulas of information theory and similarity theory, the amount of information contained in a model of refrigeration equipment or process is calculated. This allows us to present formulas for calculating the relative and comparative uncertainties of the model without additional assumptions. Based on these formulas, the value of the inevitable threshold of the accuracy of the representation of the studied construction or process is determined. Results: Theoretically substantiated recommendations are formulated for choosing the most effective methods for analyzing refrigeration equipment are formulated. Conclusion: Having calculated the amount of information contained in the model, we presented practical methods for analyzing data on refrigeration equipment.

Simplest Method for Calculating the Lowest Achievable Uncertainty of Model at Measurements of Fundamental Physical Constants

The CODATA procedure for calculating the recommended relative uncertainty of the measured fundamental physical constants is complex and is based on the use of powerful computers and modern mathematical statistical methods. In addition, the expert’s opinion caused by accumulated knowledge, life experience and intuition of researchers is applied at each stage of the calculations. In this article, the author continues to advocate a theoretically grounded information method as the most effective tool for testing and achieving the minimum possible relative uncertainty for any measurements of experimental physics and engineering. The introduced fundamental limit characterizing discrepancy between a model and the observed object cannot be overcome by any improvement of instruments, methods of measurement and the model’s computerization. Examples are given.

Universal Metric for Assessing the Magnitude of the Uncertainty in the Measurement of Fundamental Physical Constants

In this paper, we aim to verify the numerical magnitude of the relative uncertainty in the measurement of fundamental physical constants. For this purpose, we use a metric called comparative uncertainty with which an a priori mismatch between the selected model and the observed physical object is checked. The comparative uncertainty is caused by the finite number of dimensional variables of the applied model. We show a comparison of the achieved values of the relative and comparative uncertainties of the gravitational constant, Planck’s constant, Boltzmann’s constant, and fine structure constant, according to data published in the scientific literature over the last 7 - 15 years. The results generally agree well with CODATA recommendations. We show that the comparative uncertainty as a universal metric can be used for the identification of recommended target values of the relative uncertainty in the field experiments.

The Boltzmann Constant: Evaluation of Measurement Relative Uncertainty Using the Information Approach

The purpose of this work is to prove that only by applying a theoretically sound information approach to developing a model for measuring the Boltzmann constant, one can justify and calculate the value of the required relative uncertainty. A dimensionless parameter (comparative uncertainty) was proposed as a universal metric for comparing experimental measurements of Boltzmann constant and simulated data. Examples are given of applying the proposed original method for calculating the relative uncertainty in measuring the Boltzmann constant using an acoustic gas thermometer, dielectric constant gas thermometer, Johnson noise thermometer, Doppler broadening thermometer. The proposed approach is theoretically justified and devoid of the shortcomings inherent in the CODATA concept: a statistically significant trend, a cumulative value of consensus or a statistical control. We tried to show how a mathematical-expert formalism can be replaced by a simple, theoretically grounded postulate on the use of information theory in measurements.

Bekenstein-Bound and Information-Based Approach

Scientists have already undertaken experimental attempts to find a grain of space. In this article, the Bekenstein formula and the information-oriented approach are combined for the first time to theoretically calculate the smallest achievable grain length, as well as the energy and quantity of information. This became possible due to the fact that the information approach is based on the calculation of the amount of information contained in the model of the physical phenomenon. The results show very good agreement between theory and experiment, at least with respect to the scale of the length and the minimum resolution of energy. This concept can be important for a reliable interpretation of the forthcoming cosmological and quantum dimensions.

Can Information Theory Help to Formulate an Optimal Model of a Physical Phenomenon?

This article deals with the problem of calculating the comparative uncertainty of the main variable in the model of the studied physical phenomenon, which depends on a qualitative and quantitative set of variables. The choice of variables is determined by preliminary information available to the observer and dependent on his knowledge, experience and intuition. The finite value of the amount of information available to the researcher leads to the inevitable aberration of the observed object. This causes the existence of an unremovable and intractable processing by any statistical methods, a comparative (respectively, relative) uncertainty of the model. The goal is to present a theoretical justification for the existence of this uncertainty and proposes a procedure for its calculation. The practical application of the informational method for choosing the preferred model for the Einstein formula and for calculating the speed of sound is demonstrated.