Homoepitaxial growth of (100) Si-doped β-Ga_(2)O_(3) films via MOCVD

Homoepitaxial growth of Si-doped β-Ga_(2)O_(3) films on semi-insulating(100) β-Ga_(2)O_(3) substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition(MOCVD) is studied in this work. By appropriately optimizing the growth conditions, an increasing diffusion length of Ga adatoms is realized, suppressing 3D island growth patterns prevalent in(100) β-Ga_(2)O_(3) films and optimizing the surface morphology with [010] oriented stripe features. The slightly Si-doped β-Ga_(2)O_(3) film shows smooth and flat surface morphology with a root-mean-square roughness of 1.3 nm. Rocking curves of the(400) diffraction peak also demonstrate the high crystal quality of the Si-doped films. According to the capacitance–voltage characteristics, the effective net doping concentrations of the films are 5.41 × 10~(15) – 1.74 × 10~(20) cm~(-3). Hall measurements demonstrate a high electron mobility value of 51cm~2/(V·s), corresponding to a carrier concentration of 7.19 × 10~(18) cm~(-3) and a high activation efficiency of up to 61.5%. Transmission line model(TLM) measurement shows excellent Ohmic contacts and a low specific contact resistance of 1.29 × 10~(-4) Ω·cm~2 for the Si-doped film, which is comparable to the Si-implanted film with a concentration of 5.0 × 10~(19) cm~(-3), confirming the effective Si doing in the MOCVD epitaxy.

A comprehensive review of recent progress on enhancement-modeβ-Ga_(2)O_(3)FETs:Growth,devices and properties

Power electronic devices are of great importance in modern society.After decades of development,Si power devices have approached their material limits with only incremental improvements and large conversion losses.As the demand for electronic components with high efficiency dramatically increasing,new materials are needed for power device fabrication.Betaphase gallium oxide,an ultra-wide bandgap semiconductor,has been considered as a promising candidate,and variousβ-Ga_(2)O_(3)power devices with high breakdown voltages have been demonstrated.However,the realization of enhancement-mode(E-mode)β-Ga_(2)O_(3)field-effect transistors(FETs)is still challenging,which is a critical problem for a myriad of power electronic applications.Recently,researchers have made some progress on E-modeβ-Ga_(2)O_(3)FETs via various methods,and several novel structures have been fabricated.This article gives a review of the material growth,devices and properties of these E-modeβ-Ga_(2)O_(3)FETs.The key challenges and future directions in E-modeβ-Ga_(2)O_(3)FETs are also discussed.

Analysis of low voltage ride-through capability and optimal control strategy of doubly-fed wind farms under symmetrical fault

Given the“carbon neutralization and carbon peak”policy,enhancing the low voltage ride-through(LVRT)capability of wind farms has become a current demand to ensure the safe and stable operation of power systems in the context of a possible severe threat of large-scale disconnection caused by wind farms.Currently,research on the LVRT of wind farms mainly focuses on suppressing rotor current and providing reactive current support,while the impact of active current output on LVRT performance has not been thoroughly discussed.This paper studies and reveals the relation-ship between the limit of reactive current output and the depth of voltage drop during LVRT for doubly-fed induction generator(DFIG)based wind farms.Specifically,the reactive current output limit of the grid-side converter is inde-pendent of the depth of voltage drop,and its limit is the maximum current allowed by the converter,while the reac-tive current output limit of the DFIG stator is a linear function of the depth of voltage drop.An optimized scheme for allocating reactive current among the STATCOM,DFIG stator,and grid-side converter is proposed.The scheme maximizes the output of active current while satisfying the standard requirements for reactive current output.Com-pared to traditional schemes,the proposed LVRT optimization strategy can output more active power during the LVRT period,effectively suppressing the rate of rotor speed increase,and improving the LVRT performance and fault recov-ery capability of wind farms.Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

钙钛矿太阳电池中螺环小分子空穴传输材料

空穴传输材料的性能直接影响钙钛矿太阳电池中空穴在电池中的传输和电子-空穴的复合,从而决定电池性能。螺环结构特殊的正交分子构象使分子易于在钙钛矿薄膜上形成良好的接触、具有均匀的电荷传输特性、较高的玻璃化转变温度等优点,该材料已广泛作为高效空穴传输材料骨架单元应用于钙钛矿太阳电池。本论文概述了小分子螺环空穴传输材料的研究进展,主要从分子末端官能团优化和螺环核调控两个方面总结了分子结构变化对材料光物理、电化学、热稳定性、空穴传输特性及在钙钛矿太阳电池中的性能等的影响,同时本论文也对该领域的发展和高性能螺环空穴传输材料的发展和研究趋势进行了预测。

自组装单分子空穴传输层在反式钙钛矿太阳电池的研究进展

空穴传输层在钙钛矿太阳电池(Perovskite solar cell, PSC)中起着抽取和传输钙钛矿层产生的光生空穴、抑制电子回流等重要作用,是构成高性能器件的重要组成部分.经典的空穴传输材料,如2,2',7,7'-四[N,N-二(4-甲氧基苯基)氨基]-9,9'-螺二芴(spiro-OMe TAD)、聚[双(4-苯基)(2,4,6-三甲基苯基)胺](PTAA)等,空穴迁移率低、价格昂贵等缺点限制了其规模化应用.近年来,在反式PSC中自组装单分子层(self-assembledmonolayers,SAM)作为空穴传输层广泛应用,提升了器件性能.SAM分子结构中含有锚定官能团,可以在衬底上形成单分子薄膜,有着材料消耗小、无需添加剂、寄生吸收低、能够兼容叠层器件和有利于大面积制造等优点,已成为PSC领域的研究热点.本综述结合PSC发展,按照SAM分子结构中锚定基团的不同,对近年来基于SAM的空穴传输层的研究进行了分类和归纳,结合分子骨架变化分析了结构变化对其特性及器件性能的影响.最后,对SAM作为空穴传输层的发展做了总结和展望.

A comprehensive review on the development of data-driven methods for wind power prediction and AGC performance evaluation in wind–thermal bundled power systems

The wind–thermal bundled power system achieves energy complementarity and optimized scheduling, which is an important way to build a new type of energy system. For the safe and stable operation of the wind–thermal bundled power system, accurate data-driven analysis is necessary to maintain real-time balance between electricity supply and demand. By summarizing the development and characteristics of wind–thermal bundled power system in China and different countries, current research in this field can be clearly defined in two aspects: short-term wind power prediction for wind farms and performance evaluation of automatic generation control (AGC) for thermal power generation units. For short-term wind power prediction, it is recommended to focus on historical data preprocessing and artificial intelligence methods. The technical characteristics of different data-driven wind power prediction methods have been compared in detail. For performance evaluation of AGC units, a comprehensive analysis was conducted on current evaluation methods, including the “permitted-band” and “regulation mileage” methods, as well as the issue of evaluation failure in traditional evaluation methods in practical engineering. Finally, the relative optimal dynamic performance of AGC units was discussed and the future trend of data-driven research in wind–thermal bundled power system was summarized.

Current-limiting characteristics of saturated iron-core fault current limiters in VSC-HVDC systems based on electromagnetic energy conversion mechanism

A common method to examine the current-limiting performance of saturated iron-core fault current limiter(SI-FCL) in high-voltage direct-current transmission based on voltage source converter(VSC-HVDC) systems is to solve differential equations based on the system fault transient characteristics and the equivalent inductance calculation equation. This method analyzes the fault current of the VSC-HVDC system in the time domain. However, it is computationally complex and cannot directly reflect the relationship between parameters and the currentlimiting effect of the SI-FCL.In this paper,the relationship between the magnetic flux density and magnetic field energy of the SI-FCL is analyzed. The energy exchange between the DC capacitor and the SI-FCL in the DC short circuit fault process is analyzed. From the perspective of electromagnetic energy conversion, the criterion for determining the current-limiting ability of the SI-FCL in the transient process is given based on the parameters of the SI-FCL and VSC-HVDC system. On this basis, the characteristics of the DC side fault current and the capacitor voltage when the SI-FCL has current-limiting ability are examined.Based on the parameters of the SI-FCL and VSC-HVDC system, a method for calculating the fault current peak value and capacitor voltage drop time is given. Finally, the accuracy of the analysis of the SI-FCL in the VSC-HVDC system based on the electromagnetic energy conversion mechanism is demonstrated through a case study and simulation results of the VSC-HVDC system with different SI-FCLs.

Transient fault identification method for bipolar short-circuit fault on MMC‐HVDC overhead lines based on hybrid HVDC breaker

A bipolar short‐circuit transient fault identification method for overhead transmission lines in modular multi‐level converter‐based high voltage direct current(MMC‐HVDC)grid based on the hybrid HVDC breaker is proposed.The circuit breakers on both sides of the positive and negative overhead transmission lines will trip after a bipolar short‐circuit fault in the MMC‐HVDC grid.In order to identify whether the fault is a transient fault,the isolating switch of the DC breaker on one line side is reclosed first,and the voltage change on this line side in the case of transient and permanent faults is analysed.By comparing the electrical characteristics of the voltage on the line side under transient and permanent faults,a transient fault identification method is proposed,and the calculation method of the setting value of the criterion is obtained.Finally,by building the MMC‐HVDC system model for simulation in power systems computer aided design,the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method for transient fault identification are verified.

On the process of filtration of fractional viscoelastic liquid food

In the process of filtration,fluid impurities precipitate/accumulate;this results in an uneven inner wall of the filter,consequently leading to non-uniform suction/injection.The Riemannian-Liouville fractional derivative model is used to investigate viscoelastic incompressible liquid food flowing through a permeable plate and to generalize Fick's law.Moreover,we consider steady-state mass balance during ultrafiltration on a plate surface,and a fractional-order concentration boundary condition is established,thereby rendering the problem real and complex.The governing equation is numerically solved using the finite difference algorithm.The effects of the fractional constitutive models,generalized Reynolds number,generalized Schmidt number,and permeability parameter on the velocity and concentration fields are compared.The results show that an increase in fractional-orderαin the momentum equation leads to a decrease in the horizontal velocity.Anomalous diffusion described by the fractional derivative model weakens the mass transfer;therefore,the concentration decreases with increasing fractional derivativeγin the concentration equation.

不同几何形状的拱形支撑结构表面风压研究

本文评估了拱形支撑结构周围的风流场特性,属于计算流体动力学的研究领域.通过与文献中风洞试验数据的对比,验证了数值模拟结果.本文不但给出了不同形状拱形支撑结构(尖顶、扁平和拱形结构)表面的平均、脉动、最大和最小风压系数,而且讨论了不同的风向和结构高径比对风压系数的影响.结果表明,与其他结构相比,尖顶结构表面的风压系数和湍流扰动在数值上较低.地形粗糙度指数越低,结构表面的平均风压系数越大.此外,对于尖顶结构,高径比的增加会导致结构表面风压的增加.与其他风向相比,来风角度为45°的情况下屋顶表面所受负风压最强.值得指出的是,本文对于不同风向和尖顶结构的详细研究结果可以对工程设计优化领域有一定的借鉴意义.

A review of the protection for the multi-terminal VSC-HVDC grid

The multi-terminal VSC-HVDC grid is believed to be widely applied in the future power system. The dc line protection is the key technique for operation security and power supply reliability of the dc grid. In this paper, the single-ended protections, namely, the traveling-wave based protection and transient-variable based protection, as well as the pilot protections, mainly including the directional pilot protection and current differential protection, are discussed in detail. With the analyzed protections, the effective main and back-up protection strategy can be configured for the dc line in multi-terminal VSC-HVDC grid.