A general descriptor for guiding the electrolysis of CO_(2)in molten carbonate

Molten carbonate is an excellent electrolyte for the electrochemical reduction of CO_(2)to carbonaceous materials.However,the electrolyte–electrode-reaction relationship has not been well understood.Herein,we propose a general descriptor,the CO_(2)activity,to reveal the electrolyte–electrode-reaction relationship by thermodynamic calculations and experimental studies.Experimental studies agree well with theoretical predictions that both cations(Li^(+),Ca^(2+),Sr^(2+)and Ba^(2+))and anions(BO_(2)^(-),Ti_(5)O_(14)^(8-),SiO_(3)^(2-))can modulate the CO_(2)activity to control both cathode and anode reactions in a typical molten carbonate electrolyzer in terms of tuning reaction products and overpotentials.In this regard,the reduction of CO_(3)^(2-)can be interpreted as the direct reduction of CO_(2)generated from the dissociated CO_(3)^(2-),and the CO_(2)activity can be used as a general descriptor to predict the electrode reaction in molten carbonate.Overall,the CO_(2)activity descriptor unlocks the electrolyte–electrode-reaction relationship,thereby providing fundamental insights into guiding molten carbonate CO_(2)electrolysis.

面向碳中和的高温熔盐电化学技术

高温熔盐电化学反应具有反应动力学快、选择性好的优点,可用于能源存储与转换、金属材料的提取和纯化、二氧化碳的捕集和转化利用、退役金属材料的循环利用等领域,利用清洁电能驱动的高温熔盐电解技术可实现从源头、过程和末端全流程降碳减排.本文简要回顾了近20年来武汉大学在高温熔盐电化学方向的主要研究工作,包括熔盐电解固态化合物冶金(低碳提取)、熔盐捕集-电解转化CO_(2)(碳捕集与转化)、熔盐电化学制备功能材料(材料低碳制备)、熔盐电解回收能源金属材料(低碳绿色循环)和高温电解器关键材料(析氧阳极),形成了固态化合物还原反应动力学“三相界线”理论,丰富了高温惰性合金析氧阳极选材数据库,揭示了阳极氧化膜稳定服役机制,发明了熔盐电化学阳极氧化冶金新方法,提出了“熔盐电解质酸碱性-电极反应调控”新策略,并为新能源产业可持续发展所需的“前端原材料清洁提取”和“末端退役能源材料回收利用”提供新方法和新技术.以此为线索,评述了面向碳中和的高温熔盐电化学所面临的机遇与挑战,讨论了高温熔盐电解基础理论和应用技术的发展趋势,展望了清洁电能驱动的熔盐电解技术在实现碳达峰、碳中和目标中的潜在贡献.

Efficient molten salt CO_(2)capture and selective electrochemical transformation processes toward carbon neutrality:advances,challenges,and prospects

Atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_(2))concentration has reached record levels due to excessive anthropogenic CO_(2)emissions from massive industrial productions.Renewable-energy-driven CO_(2)electroreduction is an effective method of directly converting CO_(2)into various value-added chemicals or materials without subsequent geological disposal treatment.Owing to their promising thermal stability,wide electrochemical window,tunable oxo-basicity,and nontoxic nature,molten salt electrolytes endow intrinsic advantages,such as fast CO_(2)absorption and selective electrochemical transformation,among different electrolyte species,wherein advanced carbon materials,CO,and hydrocarbons can be generated at relatively high current densities.Herein,we review the recent advances in molten salt CO_(2)capture and electrochemical transformation(MSCC-ET)technologies,including reaction mechanisms,CO_(2)absorption kinetics,electrode reaction kinetics,and product selectivity.This review highlights feasible strategies for regulating nanostructures,carbon product crystallinity,energy efficiency,overall CO_(2)conversion efficiency,and MSCC-ET adaptability toward practical flue gases.Moreover,suitable cost-effective inert anode candidates for the oxygen evolution reaction are discussed.

本征铁磁二维材料CrI3层间堆叠结构层数依赖性研究（英文）

二维体系中的长程铁磁序现象再次打破了Mermin-Wagner理论.铁磁二维材料的铁磁性与层层堆叠的顺序、结构、层间距息息相关.目前对铁磁二维材料CrI3在低温下的堆叠顺序和结构仍不确定,且未见报道.针对该科学问题,本工作深入研究了2–5层及块体CrI3的拉曼特征,详细研究了拉曼特征峰与层数、偏振、旋光和温度之间的依赖关系;揭示了2–5层及块体CrI3在低温下(10 K)为菱方堆叠结构,解决了领域内关于CrI3低温结构的争议,填补了该领域的研究空白,并发现了自旋声子耦合现象.本工作开创了独特的磁光电原位传输测量系统,从样品制备到表征完全与空气隔绝,避免样品污染和损坏,因此,本工作更准确地表征出了CrI3最本征的结构特性.

The progress in the treatment of spastic cerebral palsy with selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR)

Spasticity is the main disabling clinical manifestation of children with cerebral palsy(CP).Selective dorsal rhizotomy(SDR)has been performed for the treatment of spastic CP in Asia for quite some time from 1990.The purpose of this review is to discuss the historical origin and development of SDR.Our goal here is to identify the current patient selection criteria for SDR and to point out indications and contraindications based on the patients with CP,age from 2 to 18 years-old,over 6000 cases,who received SDR surgery with spasticity of muscle tension more than 3 degrees in our center.We also discuss evidence-based approaches on how to evaluate postoperative patient outcomes of SDR and how complications can be avoided.Finally,we mention progress made in terms of SDR technical advances and how improvements can be made in the future.In conclusion,SDR surgery is a reliable way to improve outcomes of patients with spastic CP and can be done carefully in patients as long as stringent selection criteria are used.However,more research and technological advancements are needed to help address associated complications.

Orthopedic treatment of the lower limbs in spastic paralysis

Spastic paralysis of the limb mainly results from the central lesion,in which spastic cerebral palsy is the common cause.Due to durative muscle spasm in spastic cerebral palsy,it is often accompanied by the formation of secondary musculoskeletal deformities,resulting in limb motor disability.Based on its pathogenesis,surgical treatment is currently applied:selective posterior rhizotomy(SPR)or orthopedic surgery.The primary purpose of early orthopedic surgery was simply to correct limb deformities,which usually led to the recurrence of deformity as a result of the presence of spasticity.With the application of SPR,high muscle tone was successfully relieved,but limb deformity was still present postoperatively.Therefore,this study aimed to elaborate on the management of orthopedic surgery,common deformities of the lower limb,and orthopedic operative methods;discuss the relationship between SPR and orthopedic procedure for limb deformity;and focus on the indications,timing of intervention,and postoperative outcome of different surgical methods.

Serotonin Signaling Modulates Sexual Receptivity of Virgin Female Drosophila

The choice of females to accept or reject male courtship is a critical decision for animal reproduction.Serotonin(5-hydroxytryptamine;5-HT)has been found to regulate sexual behavior in many species,but it is unclear how 5-HT and its receptors function to regulate different aspects of sexual behavior.Here we used Drosophila melanogaster as the model animal to investigate how 5-HT and its receptors modulate female sexual receptivity.We found that knockout of tryptophan hydroxylase(Trh),which is involved in the biosynthesis of 5-HT,severely reduced virgin female receptivity without affecting post-mating behaviors.We identified a subset of sexually dimorphic Trh neurons that co-expressed fruitless(fru),in which the activity was correlated with sexual receptivity in females.We also found that 5-HT1A and 5-HT7 receptors regulate virgin female receptivity.Our findings demonstrate how 5-HT functions in sexually dimorphic neurons to promote virgin female receptivity through two of its receptors.

Dual Effects of Light on Regulating Aedes aegypti Heat-Seeking Behavior

Dear Editor,Mosquitoes,as important arthropod disease vectors,efficiently transmit pathogens such as dengue virus,Zika virus,yellow fever virus,and malaria.To find their host,female mosquitoes use multiple sensory systems to detect host-associated cues such as CO_(2),volatile odorants,visual signals,and temperature.