Studies on ESBL-producing and multi-drug resistance of <em>Salmonella</em> serovars distributed in Benue State were investigated. A total of four hundred and twenty (420) clinical stool samples, seventy (7...Studies on ESBL-producing and multi-drug resistance of <em>Salmonella</em> serovars distributed in Benue State were investigated. A total of four hundred and twenty (420) clinical stool samples, seventy (70) from each local government area were randomly collected from selected hospitals and analyzed for the presence of <em>Salmonella</em> spp. The isolates were characterized using Gram staining and biochemical tests. The result of AP120E biochemical test strip which contained dehydrated bacterial media and biochemical reagents in twenty (20) separate compartments. The result was obtained by evaluation of the compartments due to observed changes in after 24 hours where others were read by adding up reagents (Ferric chloride, Kovacs V.P reagents). The results were analyzed afterwards in accordance with the manufacturer’s software and positive results with ≥89% potential were confirmed as <em>Salmonella</em> spp. Amplified plasmids derived from 18 <em>Salmonella</em> strains recognized were made up of 23,130 base pairs. ESBL (Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases) genes were located on the plasmids. Two of the ESBL genes found were TEM genes and CTX-M (415 bp). Strains such as <em>S. enterica</em> Typhimurium-CP014981.1, <em>S. enterica</em> Enteritidis-CP007325.2, <em>S. enterica</em> Typhimurium-CP024619.1, <em>S. enterica</em> Typhimurium-CP023166.1, <em>S. bongori-FR877557</em> and <em>S. enterica</em> Enteritidis-TY1 possessed TEM genes where as <em>S. enterica</em> Heidelberg-CP019176.1, <em>S. enterica</em> Typhi-AL513382.1 and <em>S. enterica</em> Typhimurium-MH196335.1 possessed CTX-M. Antibiotic resistance testing was performed using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The overall percentage susceptibility of the eight antibiotics tested on <em>Salmonella</em> serovars isolates shows that GEN had the highest % susceptibility of 100% followed by NIT (72.2%) and COT (66.7%) before and after plasmid curing. % susceptibility was lower before curing than after curing in CXC, CHL and TET. It was low (5.6%) in ERY while AUG recorded 0% susceptibility. Differences observed in curing status were insignificant (T = 0.33, P > 0.05). The presence of ESBL-producing and multi-drug resistant <em>Salmonella</em> serovars indicates an infection which presents a foremost peril to public health since such infections may be intricate to take care of and may consequently result in death of the infected patients. Constant periodic examination and prevention of drug abuse of antibiotics will assist in ensuring that this trend is curtailed especially in developing nations like Nigeria.展开更多
This study investigated the phytochemical screening of some plant extracts against aflatoxin producing fungi in sesame (Sesamum indicum). The plants are Prosopis africana, Psorospermum febrifugum and rhizome of Curcum...This study investigated the phytochemical screening of some plant extracts against aflatoxin producing fungi in sesame (Sesamum indicum). The plants are Prosopis africana, Psorospermum febrifugum and rhizome of Curcuma longa. Various parts of the plants were dried, grounded and extracted in methanolic solvent. The preliminary phytochemical screening of methanol extracts for stem bark, leaves and rhizome of Curcuma longa revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, steroids, cardiac, glycosides, terpenoids, phenols and tannins. The result of anti-aflatoxigenic activity indicates that methanol extracts of these plants show significant activity against the fungi isolates. The effect of plants extracts on mycelia growth of the test organism reduced the mycelia growth significantly as compared to the control (Plate 6 (a-f)). In view of the efficacy of the activity of the plant extracts, it could be concluded that these medicinal plants possess antifungal properties that can be exploited for the control of aflatoxin in sesame. Further works are needed to investigate the biological active ingredients of these plants.展开更多
文摘Studies on ESBL-producing and multi-drug resistance of <em>Salmonella</em> serovars distributed in Benue State were investigated. A total of four hundred and twenty (420) clinical stool samples, seventy (70) from each local government area were randomly collected from selected hospitals and analyzed for the presence of <em>Salmonella</em> spp. The isolates were characterized using Gram staining and biochemical tests. The result of AP120E biochemical test strip which contained dehydrated bacterial media and biochemical reagents in twenty (20) separate compartments. The result was obtained by evaluation of the compartments due to observed changes in after 24 hours where others were read by adding up reagents (Ferric chloride, Kovacs V.P reagents). The results were analyzed afterwards in accordance with the manufacturer’s software and positive results with ≥89% potential were confirmed as <em>Salmonella</em> spp. Amplified plasmids derived from 18 <em>Salmonella</em> strains recognized were made up of 23,130 base pairs. ESBL (Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases) genes were located on the plasmids. Two of the ESBL genes found were TEM genes and CTX-M (415 bp). Strains such as <em>S. enterica</em> Typhimurium-CP014981.1, <em>S. enterica</em> Enteritidis-CP007325.2, <em>S. enterica</em> Typhimurium-CP024619.1, <em>S. enterica</em> Typhimurium-CP023166.1, <em>S. bongori-FR877557</em> and <em>S. enterica</em> Enteritidis-TY1 possessed TEM genes where as <em>S. enterica</em> Heidelberg-CP019176.1, <em>S. enterica</em> Typhi-AL513382.1 and <em>S. enterica</em> Typhimurium-MH196335.1 possessed CTX-M. Antibiotic resistance testing was performed using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The overall percentage susceptibility of the eight antibiotics tested on <em>Salmonella</em> serovars isolates shows that GEN had the highest % susceptibility of 100% followed by NIT (72.2%) and COT (66.7%) before and after plasmid curing. % susceptibility was lower before curing than after curing in CXC, CHL and TET. It was low (5.6%) in ERY while AUG recorded 0% susceptibility. Differences observed in curing status were insignificant (T = 0.33, P > 0.05). The presence of ESBL-producing and multi-drug resistant <em>Salmonella</em> serovars indicates an infection which presents a foremost peril to public health since such infections may be intricate to take care of and may consequently result in death of the infected patients. Constant periodic examination and prevention of drug abuse of antibiotics will assist in ensuring that this trend is curtailed especially in developing nations like Nigeria.
文摘This study investigated the phytochemical screening of some plant extracts against aflatoxin producing fungi in sesame (Sesamum indicum). The plants are Prosopis africana, Psorospermum febrifugum and rhizome of Curcuma longa. Various parts of the plants were dried, grounded and extracted in methanolic solvent. The preliminary phytochemical screening of methanol extracts for stem bark, leaves and rhizome of Curcuma longa revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, steroids, cardiac, glycosides, terpenoids, phenols and tannins. The result of anti-aflatoxigenic activity indicates that methanol extracts of these plants show significant activity against the fungi isolates. The effect of plants extracts on mycelia growth of the test organism reduced the mycelia growth significantly as compared to the control (Plate 6 (a-f)). In view of the efficacy of the activity of the plant extracts, it could be concluded that these medicinal plants possess antifungal properties that can be exploited for the control of aflatoxin in sesame. Further works are needed to investigate the biological active ingredients of these plants.