By using a metric which is a counterpart of four dimensional Vaidya metric,we have investigated the Hawking evaporation of the 2+1 dimensional radiating black hole.The Hawking temperature of this radiating black hole ...By using a metric which is a counterpart of four dimensional Vaidya metric,we have investigated the Hawking evaporation of the 2+1 dimensional radiating black hole.The Hawking temperature of this radiating black hole is given.In a specific case,our result reduces to that of Banados.Teitelboim and Zanelli’s.展开更多
Using the Landau phase transition theory,we calculate some second moments of ther-modynamical quantities for two-dimensional charged dilaton black boles.We find that some second moments diverge,and a nonequilibrium ph...Using the Landau phase transition theory,we calculate some second moments of ther-modynamical quantities for two-dimensional charged dilaton black boles.We find that some second moments diverge,and a nonequilibrium phase transition occurs when the two-dimensional charged black boles are from the nonextreme to the extreme.展开更多
In the last years it has been shown that some properties of strongly coupled superconductors can be potentially described by classical general relativity living in one higher dimension,which is known as holographic su...In the last years it has been shown that some properties of strongly coupled superconductors can be potentially described by classical general relativity living in one higher dimension,which is known as holographic superconductors.This paper gives a quick and introductory overview of some holographic superconductor models with s-wave,p-wave and d-wave orders in the literature from point of view of bottom-up,and summarizes some basic properties of these holographic models in various regimes.The competition and coexistence of these superconductivity orders are also studied in these superconductor models.展开更多
In the centenary year of Einstein's General Theory of Relativity, this paper reviews the current status of gravitational wave astronomy across a spectrum which stretches from attohertz to kilohertz frequencies. Se...In the centenary year of Einstein's General Theory of Relativity, this paper reviews the current status of gravitational wave astronomy across a spectrum which stretches from attohertz to kilohertz frequencies. Sect. 1 of this paper reviews the historical development of gravitational wave astronomy from Einstein's first prediction to our current understanding the spectrum. It is shown that detection of signals in the audio frequency spectrum can be expected very soon, and that a north-south pair of next generation detectors would provide large scientific benefits. Sect. 2 reviews the theory of gravitational waves and the principles of detection using laser interferometry. The state of the art Advanced LIGO detectors are then described. These detectors have a high chance of detecting the first events in the near future. Sect. 3 reviews the KAGRA detector currently under development in Japan,which will be the first laser interferometer detector to use cryogenic test masses. Sect. 4 of this paper reviews gravitational wave detection in the nanohertz frequency band using the technique of pulsar timing. Sect. 5 reviews the status of gravitational wave detection in the attohertz frequency band, detectable in the polarisation of the cosmic microwave background, and discusses the prospects for detection of primordial waves from the big bang. The techniques described in sects. 1–5 have already placed significant limits on the strength of gravitational wave sources. Sects. 6 and 7 review ambitious plans for future space based gravitational wave detectors in the millihertz frequency band. Sect. 6 presents a roadmap for development of space based gravitational wave detectors by China while sect. 7 discusses a key enabling technology for space interferometry known as time delay interferometry.展开更多
This paper focuses on the next detectors for gravitational wave astronomy which will be required after the current ground based detectors have completed their initial observations, and probably achieved the first dire...This paper focuses on the next detectors for gravitational wave astronomy which will be required after the current ground based detectors have completed their initial observations, and probably achieved the first direct detection of gravitational waves. The next detectors will need to have greater sensitivity, while also enabling the world array of detectors to have improved angular resolution to allow localisation of signal sources. Sect. 1 of this paper begins by reviewing proposals for the next ground based detectors,and presents an analysis of the sensitivity of an 8 km armlength detector, which is proposed as a safe and cost-effective means to attain a 4-fold improvement in sensitivity. The scientific benefits of creating a pair of such detectors in China and Australia is emphasised. Sect. 2 of this paper discusses the high performance suspension systems for test masses that will be an essential component for future detectors, while sect. 3 discusses solutions to the problem of Newtonian noise which arise from fluctuations in gravity gradient forces acting on test masses. Such gravitational perturbations cannot be shielded, and set limits to low frequency sensitivity unless measured and suppressed. Sects. 4 and 5 address critical operational technologies that will be ongoing issues in future detectors. Sect. 4 addresses the design of thermal compensation systems needed in all high optical power interferometers operating at room temperature. Parametric instability control is addressed in sect. 5. Only recently proven to occur in Advanced LIGO, parametric instability phenomenon brings both risks and opportunities for future detectors. The path to future enhancements of detectors will come from quantum measurement technologies. Sect. 6 focuses on the use of optomechanical devices for obtaining enhanced sensitivity, while sect. 7 reviews a range of quantum measurement options.展开更多
文摘By using a metric which is a counterpart of four dimensional Vaidya metric,we have investigated the Hawking evaporation of the 2+1 dimensional radiating black hole.The Hawking temperature of this radiating black hole is given.In a specific case,our result reduces to that of Banados.Teitelboim and Zanelli’s.
基金Supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of Chinathe Foundation of State Education Camxnisuon。
文摘Using the Landau phase transition theory,we calculate some second moments of ther-modynamical quantities for two-dimensional charged dilaton black boles.We find that some second moments diverge,and a nonequilibrium phase transition occurs when the two-dimensional charged black boles are from the nonextreme to the extreme.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11035008,11375247,11205226 and 11435006)supported by European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreements(FP7-REGPOT-2012-2013-1)no 316165+2 种基金the EU-Greece program"Thales"MIS 375734the European Union(European Social Fund,ESF)Greek national funds through the Operational Program"Education and Lifelong Learning"of the National Strategic Reference Framework(NSRF)under"Funding of proposals that have received a positive evaluation in the 3rd and 4th Call of ERC Grant Schemes"
文摘In the last years it has been shown that some properties of strongly coupled superconductors can be potentially described by classical general relativity living in one higher dimension,which is known as holographic superconductors.This paper gives a quick and introductory overview of some holographic superconductor models with s-wave,p-wave and d-wave orders in the literature from point of view of bottom-up,and summarizes some basic properties of these holographic models in various regimes.The competition and coexistence of these superconductivity orders are also studied in these superconductor models.
基金supported by the US National Science Foundation(Grant No.PHY-0757058)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11443008 and 11503003)+2 种基金a Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars Foundation grant,and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2015KJJCB06)supported by the National Space Science Center,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant Nos.XDA04070400 and XDA04077700)Partial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11305255,11171329 and 41404019)
文摘In the centenary year of Einstein's General Theory of Relativity, this paper reviews the current status of gravitational wave astronomy across a spectrum which stretches from attohertz to kilohertz frequencies. Sect. 1 of this paper reviews the historical development of gravitational wave astronomy from Einstein's first prediction to our current understanding the spectrum. It is shown that detection of signals in the audio frequency spectrum can be expected very soon, and that a north-south pair of next generation detectors would provide large scientific benefits. Sect. 2 reviews the theory of gravitational waves and the principles of detection using laser interferometry. The state of the art Advanced LIGO detectors are then described. These detectors have a high chance of detecting the first events in the near future. Sect. 3 reviews the KAGRA detector currently under development in Japan,which will be the first laser interferometer detector to use cryogenic test masses. Sect. 4 of this paper reviews gravitational wave detection in the nanohertz frequency band using the technique of pulsar timing. Sect. 5 reviews the status of gravitational wave detection in the attohertz frequency band, detectable in the polarisation of the cosmic microwave background, and discusses the prospects for detection of primordial waves from the big bang. The techniques described in sects. 1–5 have already placed significant limits on the strength of gravitational wave sources. Sects. 6 and 7 review ambitious plans for future space based gravitational wave detectors in the millihertz frequency band. Sect. 6 presents a roadmap for development of space based gravitational wave detectors by China while sect. 7 discusses a key enabling technology for space interferometry known as time delay interferometry.
基金the support of the United States National Science Foundation for the construction and operation of the LIGO Laboratory and the Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdomthe MaxPlanck-Society,and the State of Niedersachsen/Germany for support of the construction and operation of the GEO600 detector+4 种基金the support of the research by these agencies and by the Australian Research Council,the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research of Indiathe Alfred P.Sloan Foundation.S.H.acknowledges the support from the European Research Council(ERC-2012-St G:307245)supported by the LSC LIGO visitor program,the Australian Department of Education and Australian Research Councilalso supported by Australian Research Council(Grant Nos.DP120100898 and DP120104676)LIGO was constructed by the California Institute of Technology and Massachusetts Institute of Technology with funding from the National Science Foundation,and operates under cooperative agreement PHY-0757058
文摘This paper focuses on the next detectors for gravitational wave astronomy which will be required after the current ground based detectors have completed their initial observations, and probably achieved the first direct detection of gravitational waves. The next detectors will need to have greater sensitivity, while also enabling the world array of detectors to have improved angular resolution to allow localisation of signal sources. Sect. 1 of this paper begins by reviewing proposals for the next ground based detectors,and presents an analysis of the sensitivity of an 8 km armlength detector, which is proposed as a safe and cost-effective means to attain a 4-fold improvement in sensitivity. The scientific benefits of creating a pair of such detectors in China and Australia is emphasised. Sect. 2 of this paper discusses the high performance suspension systems for test masses that will be an essential component for future detectors, while sect. 3 discusses solutions to the problem of Newtonian noise which arise from fluctuations in gravity gradient forces acting on test masses. Such gravitational perturbations cannot be shielded, and set limits to low frequency sensitivity unless measured and suppressed. Sects. 4 and 5 address critical operational technologies that will be ongoing issues in future detectors. Sect. 4 addresses the design of thermal compensation systems needed in all high optical power interferometers operating at room temperature. Parametric instability control is addressed in sect. 5. Only recently proven to occur in Advanced LIGO, parametric instability phenomenon brings both risks and opportunities for future detectors. The path to future enhancements of detectors will come from quantum measurement technologies. Sect. 6 focuses on the use of optomechanical devices for obtaining enhanced sensitivity, while sect. 7 reviews a range of quantum measurement options.
