针对绿洲灌区玉米生产中普遍水肥投入大、利用效率低等问题,通过研究不同灌水量和有机无机肥等氮配施对玉米光合生理、籽粒产量和品质的影响,以期获得最佳的灌水水平和有机无机肥等氮配施比例。2021—2022年,在绿洲灌区采用两因素裂区...针对绿洲灌区玉米生产中普遍水肥投入大、利用效率低等问题,通过研究不同灌水量和有机无机肥等氮配施对玉米光合生理、籽粒产量和品质的影响,以期获得最佳的灌水水平和有机无机肥等氮配施比例。2021—2022年,在绿洲灌区采用两因素裂区试验设计,主区为2个灌水水平(传统灌水和减量20%灌水),副区为5个有机无机肥等氮配施比例(全施无机氮肥、75%无机氮肥+25%有机肥、50%无机氮肥+50%有机肥、25%无机氮肥+75%有机肥和全施有机肥),探究玉米光合生理、籽粒产量和品质对不同水氮管理模式的响应特征。结果表明,与传统灌水(I2)相比,减量20%灌水(I1)降低了玉米叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)、光合势(photosynthetic potential,LAD)、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs),提高了胞间CO_(2)浓度(Ci)、籽粒蛋白质含量和籽粒苏氨酸含量;有机无机肥配施对玉米光合生理指标、籽粒产量和品质都有显著影响,随有机肥比例增加,有机无机肥配施对玉米的影响会逐渐从正效应变为负效应;与传统灌水结合全施无机氮肥(I2F1)相比,减量20%灌水结合75%无机氮肥+25%有机肥(I1F2)玉米平均叶面积指数(mean leaf area index,MLAI)提高了6.9%~7.1%,总光合势(total photosynthetic potential,TLAD)无显著变化;玉米吐丝期-蜡熟期LAI提高了5.0%~11.4%,吐丝期-蜡熟期LAD提高了7.5%~9.1%。I1F2较I2F1提高了玉米抽雄期-蜡熟期叶绿素含量(chlorophyll content,SPAD)、Pn、Tr和Gs,降低了Ci。2年内I1F2较I2F1玉米增产12.0%~12.5%,籽粒中蛋白含量提高了6.9%~18.9%,籽粒中苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和缬氨酸含量分别提高了29.6%~43.3%、77.7%~93.3%、49.7%~51.5%、18.4%~28.6%、39.5%~46.0%、57.4%~78.1%和35.1%~41.3%。其他处理对玉米光合生理、籽粒产量及品质指标也有一定影响,但综合2年结果,I1F2影响更显著。因此,减量20%灌水(3240 m^(3)hm^(–2))结合75%无机化学氮肥(270 kg hm^(–2))配施25%有机肥(90 kg hm^(–2))是实现西北灌区玉米高产优质生产目标的适宜水氮管理模式。展开更多
针对干旱绿洲灌区水资源匮乏、玉米生产化肥投入量大等问题,在水氮减量条件下,探讨增大密度对玉米干物质积累、籽粒产量和产量构成的影响,以期为建立水氮减量玉米稳产高效技术体系提供依据。20202021年,在地方习惯灌水减量20%(3240 m^(3...针对干旱绿洲灌区水资源匮乏、玉米生产化肥投入量大等问题,在水氮减量条件下,探讨增大密度对玉米干物质积累、籽粒产量和产量构成的影响,以期为建立水氮减量玉米稳产高效技术体系提供依据。20202021年,在地方习惯灌水减量20%(3240 m^(3)hm^(-2),W1)、习惯灌水(4050 m3hm^(-2),W2)和减量施氮25%(270 kg hm^(-2),N1)、习惯施氮(360 kg hm^(-2),N2)条件下,研究密度从7.50万株hm^(-2)(低,D1)提高30%(中,D2)、60%(高,D3)时,玉米干物质积累及产量的响应特征。研究表明,水、氮减量均显著降低玉米籽粒产量,增密30%可补偿水氮同时减量导致的产量降低效应;施氮量不变降低灌水量时,增密可显著提高产量。2个试验年度内,W1较W2、N1较N2产量分别降低3.0%、12.9%,D2、D3较D1产量分别高12.9%、9.2%;W1N1D1较W2N2D1处理减产12.3%,W1N1D2与W2N2D1处理产量差异不显著。增密30%能够补偿水氮减量减产的主要原因是提高了灌浆初期到成熟期干物质的累积量和成穗数,W1N1D2与W2N2D1相比,灌浆初期到成熟期干物质积累量提高5.8%,Vmax(最大干物质积累速率)、Vmean(平均干物质积累速率)、Tm(最大干物质积累速率出现时间)、HI(收获指数)差异均不显著,穗数增加24.7%,但穗粒数、千粒重分别降低19.3%和14.8%。W1N2D2较W2N2D1处理增产13.9%。当施氮量不变时,减水增密稳产的主要原因是提高了干物质积累量、Vmean、HI和穗数,W1N2D2与W2N2D1相比,穗数、干物质积累、Vmean和HI分别提高24.8%、10.2%、8.4%和4.7%,千粒重差异不显著。因此,本试验水氮同步减量条件下增密30%,是绿洲灌区玉米水氮节约稳产高产的可行措施;在施氮量保持不变但灌水量减少20%时,密度提高30%是玉米节水增产的有效措施。展开更多
Straw returning to the field is a technical measure of crop production widely adopted in arid areas. It is unknown whether crop yield can be further increased by improving the eco-physiological characteristics when st...Straw returning to the field is a technical measure of crop production widely adopted in arid areas. It is unknown whether crop yield can be further increased by improving the eco-physiological characteristics when straw returning is applied in the crop production system. So, a three-year field experiment was conducted with various straw returning treatments for wheat production:(i) no-tillage with straw mulching(NTSM),(ii) no-tillage with straw standing(NTSS),(iii) conventional tillage with straw incorporation(CTS), and(iv) conventional tillage with no straw returning(CT, control). The eco-physiological and yield formation indicators were investigated to provide the basis for selecting the appropriate straw returning method to increase wheat yield and clarifying its regulation mechanism on eco-physiology. The results showed that NTSM and NTSS treatments had better regulation of eco-physiological characteristics and had a higher yield increase than CTS and CT. Meanwhile, NTSM had a relatively higher yield than NTSS through better regulation of eco-physiological characteristics. Compared to CT, the leaf area index of NTSM was decreased by 6.1–7.6% before the Feekes 10.0 stage of wheat, but that of NTSM was increased by 38.9–45.1% after the Feekes 10.0 stage. NTSM effectively regulated the dynamics of the photosynthetic source of green leaves during the wheat growth period. NTSM improved net photosynthetic rate by 10.2–21.4% and 11.0–21.6%, raised transpiration rate by 4.4–10.0% and 5.3–6.1%, increased leaf water use efficiency by 5.6–10.4% and 5.4–14.6%, at Feekes 11.0 and 11.2 stages of wheat, compared to CT, respectively. NTSM had higher leaf water potential(LWP) by 7.5–12.0% and soil water potential(SWP) by 8.9–24.0% from Feekes 10.3 to 11.2 stages of wheat than CT. Meanwhile, the absolute value of difference on LWP and SWP with NTSM was less than that with CT, indicating that NTSM was conducive to holding the stability of water demand for wheat plants and water supply of soil at arid conditions. Thus, NTSM had a greater grain yield of wheat by 18.6–27.3% than CT, and the high yield was attributed to the synchronous increase and cooperative development of ear number, grain number per ear, and 1 000-grain weight. NTSM had a positive effect on regulating the eco-physiological characteristics and can be recommended to enhance wheat grain yield in arid conditions.展开更多
文摘针对绿洲灌区玉米生产中普遍水肥投入大、利用效率低等问题,通过研究不同灌水量和有机无机肥等氮配施对玉米光合生理、籽粒产量和品质的影响,以期获得最佳的灌水水平和有机无机肥等氮配施比例。2021—2022年,在绿洲灌区采用两因素裂区试验设计,主区为2个灌水水平(传统灌水和减量20%灌水),副区为5个有机无机肥等氮配施比例(全施无机氮肥、75%无机氮肥+25%有机肥、50%无机氮肥+50%有机肥、25%无机氮肥+75%有机肥和全施有机肥),探究玉米光合生理、籽粒产量和品质对不同水氮管理模式的响应特征。结果表明,与传统灌水(I2)相比,减量20%灌水(I1)降低了玉米叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)、光合势(photosynthetic potential,LAD)、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs),提高了胞间CO_(2)浓度(Ci)、籽粒蛋白质含量和籽粒苏氨酸含量;有机无机肥配施对玉米光合生理指标、籽粒产量和品质都有显著影响,随有机肥比例增加,有机无机肥配施对玉米的影响会逐渐从正效应变为负效应;与传统灌水结合全施无机氮肥(I2F1)相比,减量20%灌水结合75%无机氮肥+25%有机肥(I1F2)玉米平均叶面积指数(mean leaf area index,MLAI)提高了6.9%~7.1%,总光合势(total photosynthetic potential,TLAD)无显著变化;玉米吐丝期-蜡熟期LAI提高了5.0%~11.4%,吐丝期-蜡熟期LAD提高了7.5%~9.1%。I1F2较I2F1提高了玉米抽雄期-蜡熟期叶绿素含量(chlorophyll content,SPAD)、Pn、Tr和Gs,降低了Ci。2年内I1F2较I2F1玉米增产12.0%~12.5%,籽粒中蛋白含量提高了6.9%~18.9%,籽粒中苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和缬氨酸含量分别提高了29.6%~43.3%、77.7%~93.3%、49.7%~51.5%、18.4%~28.6%、39.5%~46.0%、57.4%~78.1%和35.1%~41.3%。其他处理对玉米光合生理、籽粒产量及品质指标也有一定影响,但综合2年结果,I1F2影响更显著。因此,减量20%灌水(3240 m^(3)hm^(–2))结合75%无机化学氮肥(270 kg hm^(–2))配施25%有机肥(90 kg hm^(–2))是实现西北灌区玉米高产优质生产目标的适宜水氮管理模式。
文摘针对干旱绿洲灌区水资源匮乏、玉米生产化肥投入量大等问题,在水氮减量条件下,探讨增大密度对玉米干物质积累、籽粒产量和产量构成的影响,以期为建立水氮减量玉米稳产高效技术体系提供依据。20202021年,在地方习惯灌水减量20%(3240 m^(3)hm^(-2),W1)、习惯灌水(4050 m3hm^(-2),W2)和减量施氮25%(270 kg hm^(-2),N1)、习惯施氮(360 kg hm^(-2),N2)条件下,研究密度从7.50万株hm^(-2)(低,D1)提高30%(中,D2)、60%(高,D3)时,玉米干物质积累及产量的响应特征。研究表明,水、氮减量均显著降低玉米籽粒产量,增密30%可补偿水氮同时减量导致的产量降低效应;施氮量不变降低灌水量时,增密可显著提高产量。2个试验年度内,W1较W2、N1较N2产量分别降低3.0%、12.9%,D2、D3较D1产量分别高12.9%、9.2%;W1N1D1较W2N2D1处理减产12.3%,W1N1D2与W2N2D1处理产量差异不显著。增密30%能够补偿水氮减量减产的主要原因是提高了灌浆初期到成熟期干物质的累积量和成穗数,W1N1D2与W2N2D1相比,灌浆初期到成熟期干物质积累量提高5.8%,Vmax(最大干物质积累速率)、Vmean(平均干物质积累速率)、Tm(最大干物质积累速率出现时间)、HI(收获指数)差异均不显著,穗数增加24.7%,但穗粒数、千粒重分别降低19.3%和14.8%。W1N2D2较W2N2D1处理增产13.9%。当施氮量不变时,减水增密稳产的主要原因是提高了干物质积累量、Vmean、HI和穗数,W1N2D2与W2N2D1相比,穗数、干物质积累、Vmean和HI分别提高24.8%、10.2%、8.4%和4.7%,千粒重差异不显著。因此,本试验水氮同步减量条件下增密30%,是绿洲灌区玉米水氮节约稳产高产的可行措施;在施氮量保持不变但灌水量减少20%时,密度提高30%是玉米节水增产的有效措施。
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (32101857, 32372238, and U21A20218)the Fuxi Young Talents Fund of Gansu Agricultural University, China (Gaufx-03Y10)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province, China (23JRRA1407)the ‘Double First-Class’ Key Scientific Research Project of Education Department in Gansu Province, China (GSSYLXM-02)。
文摘Straw returning to the field is a technical measure of crop production widely adopted in arid areas. It is unknown whether crop yield can be further increased by improving the eco-physiological characteristics when straw returning is applied in the crop production system. So, a three-year field experiment was conducted with various straw returning treatments for wheat production:(i) no-tillage with straw mulching(NTSM),(ii) no-tillage with straw standing(NTSS),(iii) conventional tillage with straw incorporation(CTS), and(iv) conventional tillage with no straw returning(CT, control). The eco-physiological and yield formation indicators were investigated to provide the basis for selecting the appropriate straw returning method to increase wheat yield and clarifying its regulation mechanism on eco-physiology. The results showed that NTSM and NTSS treatments had better regulation of eco-physiological characteristics and had a higher yield increase than CTS and CT. Meanwhile, NTSM had a relatively higher yield than NTSS through better regulation of eco-physiological characteristics. Compared to CT, the leaf area index of NTSM was decreased by 6.1–7.6% before the Feekes 10.0 stage of wheat, but that of NTSM was increased by 38.9–45.1% after the Feekes 10.0 stage. NTSM effectively regulated the dynamics of the photosynthetic source of green leaves during the wheat growth period. NTSM improved net photosynthetic rate by 10.2–21.4% and 11.0–21.6%, raised transpiration rate by 4.4–10.0% and 5.3–6.1%, increased leaf water use efficiency by 5.6–10.4% and 5.4–14.6%, at Feekes 11.0 and 11.2 stages of wheat, compared to CT, respectively. NTSM had higher leaf water potential(LWP) by 7.5–12.0% and soil water potential(SWP) by 8.9–24.0% from Feekes 10.3 to 11.2 stages of wheat than CT. Meanwhile, the absolute value of difference on LWP and SWP with NTSM was less than that with CT, indicating that NTSM was conducive to holding the stability of water demand for wheat plants and water supply of soil at arid conditions. Thus, NTSM had a greater grain yield of wheat by 18.6–27.3% than CT, and the high yield was attributed to the synchronous increase and cooperative development of ear number, grain number per ear, and 1 000-grain weight. NTSM had a positive effect on regulating the eco-physiological characteristics and can be recommended to enhance wheat grain yield in arid conditions.
