玛湖凹陷玛页1井风城组页岩油地质甜点优选

玛湖凹陷风城组属于具有物源多、岩性复杂、整体含油、甜点分散等特征的混积型碱湖沉积,为了对页岩油进行高效勘探和开发,需要对页岩油地质甜点优选。以高压压汞、岩石热解等实验结果为基础,对玛页1井风城组储集层及其页岩油可动性等进行评价,构建页岩油地质甜点优选模型,评价页岩油地质甜点垂向分布特征。结果表明:孔隙度、总有机碳含量、脆性矿物含量和游离烃含量与100倍总有机碳含量之差分别是评价风城组储集层储集性能、含油性、脆性和页岩油可动性的参数;利用4个参数构建页岩油地质甜点优选模型,玛页1井风城组一类、二类和三类页岩油地质甜点的页岩油甜点因子分别为大于0.2823、0.0111~0.2823和小于0.0111;玛页1井风城组一类页岩油地质甜点主要分布在风二段上部和风三段,岩性以泥岩和白云质泥岩为主。

从能耗比论低熟富有机质页岩原位改质转化的经济可行性及增效途径

在原位改质技术开发中,对低熟页岩的巨大的油气资源潜力的技术可行性质疑不多,但由于致热页岩耗能巨大,经济可行性还面临重重质疑,也缺乏有力的定量论证。本文从能量守恒原理出发,对致热页岩过程中生成油气的获能和裂解有机质的耗能、页岩吸热耗能、围岩散热耗能分别进行了定量评价,得到了不同条件下的能耗比及其影响因素,结果表明:能耗比随TOC含量的升高快速增大,对倾油性的页岩,能耗比为3时对应的TOC含量≈4.2%,表明,当TOC含量较高时,有望通过大规模作业摊薄工程成本,使考虑工程成本之后的能耗比>1,即原位加热改质技术可以具有经济效益。从有关因素对能耗比的影响幅度来看,提高经济可行性的增效途径之一是探寻高效致热页岩、减少围岩传导耗热的技术;途径之二是探寻高效转化有机质为油气的技术,即探索具有催化效应/能力的技术,减少页岩吸热和致热时间;途径之三是探寻综合考虑能耗比、时间成本、工程成本的水平井综合布井技术。

Economic feasibility and efficiency enhancement approaches for in situ upgrading of low-maturity organic-rich shale from an energy consumption ratio perspective

The technical feasibility of in situ upgrading technology to develop the enormous oil and gas resource potential in low-maturity shale is widely acknowledged.However,because of the large quantities of energy required to heat shale,its economic feasibility is still a matter of debate and has yet to be convincingly demonstrated quantitatively.Based on the energy conservation law,the energy acquisition of oil and gas generation and the energy consumption of organic matter cracking,shale heat-absorption,and surrounding rock heat dissipation during in situ heating were evaluated in this study.The energy consumption ratios for different conditions were determined,and the factors that influence them were analyzed.The results show that the energy consumption ratio increases rapidly with increasing total organic carbon(TOC)content.For oil-prone shales,the TOC content corresponding to an energy consumption ratio of 3 is approximately 4.2%.This indicates that shale with a high TOC content can be expected to reduce the project cost through large-scale operation,making the energy consumption ratio after consideration of the project cost greater than 1.In situ heating and upgrading technology can achieve economic benefits.The main methods for improving the economic feasibility by analyzing factors that influence the energy consumption ratio include the following:(1)exploring technologies that efficiently heat shale but reduce the heat dissipation of surrounding rocks,(2)exploring technologies for efficient transformation of organic matter into oil and gas,i.e.,exploring technologies with catalytic effects,or the capability to reduce in situ heating time,and(3)establishing a horizontal well deployment technology that comprehensively considers the energy consumption ratio,time cost,and engineering cost.

NR4A3和Pan-TRK免疫组化染色在涎腺腺泡细胞癌与分泌性癌鉴别诊断中的应用

目的:探讨NR4A3、Pan-TRK免疫组化染色在涎腺腺泡细胞癌(acinic cell carcinoma,AciCC)、分泌性癌(secretory carcinoma of salivary gland,SCSG)鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法:收集2010年03月至2021年01月我院病理科存档的22例AciCC、13例SCSG及132例其它涎腺肿瘤,分别进行NR4A3、Pan-TRK免疫组化染色并分析表达情况。结果:NR4A3免疫组化染色显示AciCC(21/22)阳性,其中17例局灶/弥漫强阳,4例中等阳性,1例阴性。13例SCSG及其它132例涎腺肿瘤均(-)。Pan-TRK免疫组化显示13例SCSG均(+)、22例AciCC均(-)。NR4A3在AciCC中敏感性为95.5%,特异性为100%。结论:NR4A3是AciCC一种新标记物,特别与SCSG的鉴别诊断中,联合使用Pan-TRK,可进一步提高诊断的特异性。

渤海湾盆地冀中坳陷饶阳凹陷沙一下亚段页岩油可动量评价

以渤海湾盆地冀中坳陷饶阳凹陷沙一下亚段页岩油储层为例,对不同埋深层状和块状泥页岩储层岩心样品开展有机碳、热解和孔隙度等实验分析,结合研究层段测井曲线,弄清储层岩石压缩系数、原油压缩系数、地层水压缩系数和原始含油饱和度随深度的变化特征,确定块状和层状泥页岩储层最大天然可动油量随深度的变化特征。研究表明:除了在2 500 m未熟油阶段有一段高值区之外,沙一下亚段块状和层状泥页岩储层中弹性驱可动油量和溶解气驱可动油量均随深度增加而增大。块状储层弹性驱可动油率明显大于层状样品,其溶解气驱可动油率略小于层状储层。但单位体积块状泥页岩储层弹性驱可动油量、溶解气驱可动油量分别略小于和明显小于层状样品。块状和层状泥页岩储层弹性驱可动油量平均值分别为0. 13×10-3t/m3和0. 14×10-3t/m3,溶解气驱可动油量平均值分别为0. 56×10-3t/m3和1. 27×10-3t/m3。

海相高成熟页岩气储层孔隙连通关系——以彭水地区龙马溪组为例

孔隙连通关系影响着页岩气的渗流及产出程度,但对页岩连通关系的研究还相对薄弱。以彭水地区五峰—龙马溪组页岩气层为例,通过多种实验手段刻画页岩的连通孔隙组合类型,分析孔喉连通关系。研究发现,页岩储层发育有机孔相互连通、有机孔—微裂缝连通、有机孔—黏土孔连通和黏土孔—晶间孔连通4类组合关系。以有机孔相互连通组合为主的富有机质页岩,符合短导管状孔喉组合模式,孔喉比最小;而以有机孔—黏土孔相互连通组合为主的中、贫有机质页岩,为短导管和树形孔隙复合模式,孔喉比较大。当TOC(有机碳含量)/黏土矿物含量比值减小时,树形孔隙比例增多,孔喉比也会变小。小孔喉比和高含量的有机孔相互连通孔隙组合,有利于减弱压裂液滞留产生的水锁伤害。

中国典型陆相盆地致密油成储界限与分级评价标准

基于松辽盆地下白垩统泉头组和上白垩统青山口组砂岩、准噶尔盆地玛湖地区下三叠统百口泉组砂砾岩和吉木萨尔凹陷二叠系芦草沟组混积岩等中国典型陆相盆地致密储集层微观孔喉表征结果,利用水膜厚度法、含油产状法、试油产能法、力学平衡法对致密油的理论下限、成藏下限、有效渗流下限和成储上限进行厘定;采用聚类分析法对比不同致密储集层孔喉结构差异,确定致密储集层分级界限,并分析与成储界限之间的关联。结果表明,致密储集层与常规储集层的分级界限对应物性上限,Ⅱ类与Ⅲ类致密储集层的分级界限对应有效渗流下限,Ⅲ类与Ⅳ类致密储集层的成储界限对应成藏下限,理论下限对应致密储集层和非储集层的界限。分级评价标准实际应用结果显示,致密油产量受控于致密储集层类型,Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类致密储集层是致密油高产的有利层段。图8表3参37。

基于分形理论的致密砂岩储层微观孔隙结构表征——以冀中坳陷致密砂岩储层为例

为了评价致密砂岩储层类型,为致密油气的勘探与开发提供理论依据,利用分形理论和高压压汞方法,结合储层物性资料,通过对11个致密砂岩样品的压汞实验,研究了冀中坳陷致密砂岩储层微观孔隙结构。结果表明:根据进汞曲线拐点,将致密砂岩储层孔隙系统按直径大小划分为裂隙(>10μm)、大孔(1~10 μm)、中孔(0.1~1.0 μm)和微孔(<0.1 μm)。依据分形理论,分别求取各尺度孔隙分形维数,验证了孔隙系统划分的正确性。根据不同尺度孔隙的分布频率,结合样品孔渗、排驱压力和退汞效率等参数将致密砂岩储层分为3类:Ⅰ类储层微孔分布频率高,但几乎无连通孔隙,具有较低的渗透率;Ⅱ类储层连通孔隙发育,但微孔较少;Ⅲ类储层不仅有大量微孔,同时有丰富的连通孔隙,渗透率也较高。通过分析得出,微孔分布频率越高,退汞效率越高,孔隙结构越简单,均质性越好;裂隙和大孔均决定了储层的渗流能力。因此,Ⅲ类致密砂岩储层为最优质的储层,可作为致密油气勘探与开采的首选目标。

Reservoir Characteristics of Lacustrine Shale and Marine Shale:Examples from the Songliao Basin,Bohai Bay Basin and Qiannan Depression

Lacustrine shale from the Qingshankou Formatin of Songliao basin and the Shahejie Formation of Bohai Bay basin, and marine shale from the lower Cambrian Jinmenchong Formation of Qiannan depression were analysed by using rock pyrolysis, TOC （total organic carbon）, XRD （X-ray diffraction）, SEM （scanning electron microscope）, FE-SEM （field emission scanning electron microscope）, high pressure mercury intrusion, and low pressure N2 and CO2 gas adsorption experiments, in aim to reveal their reservoir features. The results show that： （1） the width of micro-pores of all the studied samples mainly ranges from 0.45 to 0.7 nm indicated by CO2 isotherms, and the width of meso-pores is less than 10 nm, with type IV adsorption isotherms and type H2 hysteresis loop, indicative of ＂ink-bottle＂-shaped pores. Good correlations exist among pore volume, surface area and averaged pore diameter, and a good positive correlation exists between micro-pore volume and TOC content; however, there is no obvious correlation between meso-pore volume and TOC content; （2） interparticle pores, pores among the edge of mineral grains and organic matter pores were all identified in marine and lacustrine shale, among which the interparticle pores may be influence by dissolution effect. Not all bitumen develops organic matter pore, and only high to over mature bitumen present pores. Now the description methods of micrometer scale pores developed in shale are very lack. Micro- fractures developed in Jiyang depression and dissolution interparticle pores developed in Songliao Basin should be the accumulation sites for shale oil in lacustrine shale, and can be as sweet spots.

Pore Types and Quantitative Evaluation of Pore Volumes in the Longmaxi Formation Shale of Southeast Chongqing, China

The common microscale to nanoscale pore types were introduced and divided into organic and inorganic pores to estimate their contributions to porosity in the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation shale of southeast Chongqing. Following the material balance principle, the organic porosity values, which changed with formation subsidence and thermal evolution, were calculated using chemical kinetics methods and corrected via the organic porosity correction coefficient, which was obtained from field emission scanning electron microscopy. Grain density values were determined using the contents and true densities of compositions in the shale samples. The total porosity was calculated based on the grain and bulk densities. The inorganic porosity was determined from the difference between the total porosity and organic porosity at the same depth. The results show that inorganic pores mainly contain microfractures, microchannels, clay intergranular pores, intercrystalline pores and intracrystalline pores in the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation shale of southeast Chongqing. Organic pores mainly include organopore and fossil pore. The total porosity, organic porosity and inorganic porosity of organic-rich shale samples can be quantitatively evaluated using this method. The total porosity, organic porosity and inorganic porosity values of the Longmaxi Formation shale samples from the well Pyl in southeast Chongqing lie in 2.75%-6.14%, 0.08%-2.52% and 1.41%-4.92% with average values of 4.34%, 0.95% and 3.39%, respectively. The contributions of the inorganic pores to the total porosity are significantly greater than those of the organic pores.

Identification of the lower limit of high-quality source rocks and its relation to hydrocarbon accumulation——Taking the Beier Sag in the Hailaer Basin as an example

The theory of ＂source rock control＂ has evolved from source-rock-control hydrocarbon accumulation, to effective source-rock-control hydrocarbon accumulation, and to high-quality source- rock-control hydrocarbon accumulation. However, there are problems, such as whether high-quality source rocks exist or not？ What high-quality source rocks are, and how to identify them, are yet to be agreed upon. Aimed at this issue of concern to explorationists, and taking the Beier Sag in the Hailaer Basin as an example, this paper defines the high-quality source rocks and the lower limit for evaluation of high-quality source rocks, by using the inflection point on the relationship curve of hydrocarbon （oil） expulsion, which is calculated by the material balance principle, versus total organic carbon （TOC）. The results show that when TOC is low, all source rocks have limited hydrocarbon expulsion and slow growth rate, thus they cannot be high-quality source rocks. However, when TOC rises to some threshold, hydrocarbon expulsion increases significantly with TOC. This inflection point should be the lower limit of high-quality source rocks： those with TOC greater than the inflection-point value are high-quality source rocks. In addition, the lower limit of high-quality source rocks is also related to the type and maturity of organic matters in the source rocks, as well as the mineral components of the source rocks affecting the residual hydrocarbons. Theoretically, the lower limit of high-quality source rocks depends on geological conditions rather than being a constant value. However, for the sake of simplicity and practicability, in this paper TOC=2.0% is regarded as the lower limit of high-quality source rocks. The examination of such standard in the work area indicates that the high-quality source rocks in members K^n2 and K^n~ of the Nantun formation contribute 76% and 82% to oil generation, and 96% and 91% to oil expulsion, respectively. The distribution of high-quality source rocks is also closely related to the distribution of hydrocarbon reservoirs in the region, demonstrating that high-quality source rocks control hydrocarbon accumulation.

Molecular Simulations of FCC Dry Gas Components Adsorption in Zeolite Y

Adsorption of FCC dry gas components, hydrogen(H_2), nitrogen(N_2), methane(CH_4), ethane(C_2H_6) and ethylene(C_2H_4) in zeolite Y was studied by performing the Grant Canonical Monte Carlo(GCMC) simulations at 298K and 823K and under a pressure range up to 10 MPa. Simulation results were analyzed using the Langmuir model, which presented fitting of dry gas components adsorption to be suggested as the monolayer adsorption. C_2H_4 presented most single adsorption amount, which reached 7.63 mol/kg at 298K under a pressure of 200kPa. Thermodynamic parameters of the Gibbs free energy change, enthalpy change and entropy change were analyzed based on adsorption equilibrium constant obtained from the GCMC simulations. The results suggested that it was more favorable for C_2H_4 to be adsorbed in zeolite Y. Adsorption molecules were in ordered arrangement in the zeolite, and C_2H_4 exhibited a more orderly arrangement than other components. Additionally, a competition in the adsorption of a mixture of dry gas components was found, and supercages were the priority adsorption space. The competition was favorable to CH_4 and C_2H_6, and the competitive power was affected by temperature.

Lower Limits and Grading Evaluation Criteria of Source Rocks and Reservoirs of Tight Oil and Gas

1 Introduction The importance of the unconventional petroleum is increasingly prominent, with the rising demand of oil and gas in the economic and social development and the gradual consumption and depletion of conventional oil and gas resources. Compared with the shale and coal-bed gas reservoir, tight reservoir has better fracturing capability.

Geological Modeling on the Reservoir of Oil Sand in Estuary

1 Introduction Pore is the major oil and gas reservoir, and its volume and structure determines the gas capacity of shale and the occurrence mode of gas. The development of shale porosity is mainly affected by the content and diagenesis of quartz, clay and some other minerals, the content and maturity of TOC, the strength and time of tectonic activities etc., besides the study ofpore＇s character of shale reservoir is an important prerequisite to exploration and production of shale hydrocarbon and guarantee and improvement of hydrocarbon reserves. Among pores, the organic pores include organic matter pores and biological fossil pores.

Organoporosity Evaluation of Shale:A Case Study of the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Shale in Southeast Chongqing

1 Introduction Petrological characteristics （such as brittle mineral content）, miero-nanoscale porosity, total organic carbon and organic matter maturity of shale play important roles in the accumulation and exploration of shale gas. The nanometre pores in shale are mostly organopores （pores within organic matters in shale） created from hydrocarbon generation during formation subsidence and thermal evolution （Loucks et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2011; Chalmers et al., 2012）.

Fracturing Parameter Optimization of Horizontal Well in Tight Oil Reservoirs

1 Introduction Horizontal wells have the advantage of large drainage area and high single well production, which plays an important role in improving production of the low permeability oil reservoirs and ultimate recovery. When the reservoirs have the quality of lower permeability, large flow resistance, poor connectivity, we appropriately use horizontal well fracturing technology, which can further improve the production of horizontal wells and ultimate recovery as well as improve the economic benefits of exploitation.

Limits and grading evaluation criteria of tight oil reservoirs in typical continental basins of China

Based on the microscopic pore-throat characterization of typical continental tight reservoirs in China,such as sandstone of Cretaceous Qingshankou and Quantou formations in Songliao Basin,NE China sandy conglomerate of Baikouquan Formation in Mahu area and hybrid rock of Lucaogou Formation in Jimusaer sag of Junggar Basin,NE China the theoretical lower limit,oil accumulation lower limit,effective flow lower limit and the upper limit of tight oil reservoirs were defined by water film thickness method,oil bearing occurrence method,oil testing productivity method and mechanical balance method,respectively.Cluster analysis method was used to compare the differences in pore-throat structure of different tight reservoirs,determine the grading criterion of tight reservoirs,and analyze its correlation with the limit of reservoir formation.The results show that the boundary between tight reservoir and conventional reservoir corresponds to the upper limit of physical properties,the boundary of classⅡand classⅢtight reservoirs corresponds to the lower limit of effective flow,the boundary of classⅢand classⅣtight reservoirs corresponds to the lower limit of reservoir forming,and the theoretical lower limit of tight reservoir corresponds to the boundary between tight reservoir and non-reservoir.Finally,the application results of the grading evaluation criterion show that the tight oil productivity is highly controlled by the type of tight reservoir,and classⅠand classⅡtight reservoirs are the favorable sections for high production of tight oil.

Characterization of Microscopic Pore Structures in Shale Gas Reservoirs of the Southeast Chongqing

Unlike traditional resources, mud shale has the characteristics of low porosity, low permeability, small pore structure, nanoscale pore as the main body. The microscopic pore structures of mud shale can not only influence the occurrence state of shale gas and gas content, but also influence the hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency of source rocks, which makes the study of shale gas reservoir necessary.

The Sedimentary Characteristics of Suning–Dawangzhuang Carbonate Bar in Ji Zhong Depression

1 Introduction A thin carbonate sediments is developed at Sha he jie group, in Su Ning--Da Wang Zhuang area of Ji Zhong depression. Based at core description, identification and analysis of foundation under the microscope, combined with logging, analysis, we have discussed the carbonate sedimentary characteristics and sedimentary model in Su Ning--Da Wang Zhuang area.

南川页岩气地质工程一体化优化中的参数敏感性分析

地质工程一体化综合施策是页岩气降本增效、提高开发效益的重要途径,综合、定量是一体化优化决策研究的重要发展方向.但目前的定量优化更多针对单井进行,常以优化得到的单井最优的裂缝半长/水平井长作为井网部署的依据.在利用运筹学技术构建的单井和区块效益目标函数的基础上,以中国南方海相页岩气为例,对比分析了单井和区块优化结果对主要地质条件和工程参数变化的敏感性.结果表明,尽管随着压裂规模(裂缝半长)的增大,单井和区块的效益都呈现先增后减的趋势,但最优的裂缝半长明显不同.同时,随孔隙度、含气饱和度、压力系数、天然气价格、压裂成本、钻井成本的升高,优化所得的单井和区块的最优裂缝半长变化规律不同.这表明,单井优化的结果不能作为井网部署的依据,区块和单井得到的最优值并不一致,应该以区块地质工程整体一体化优化的结果来布井.这一认识对页岩气及其他非常规油气井网优化部署和效益开发有现实的指导意义.