Although dramatic warming is occurring in the Arctic,it is incomplete to provide an estimate to the Arctic Amplification(AA)based only on the surface air temperature(SAT)obtained at a few land stations.In this study,a...Although dramatic warming is occurring in the Arctic,it is incomplete to provide an estimate to the Arctic Amplification(AA)based only on the surface air temperature(SAT)obtained at a few land stations.In this study,a comprehensive evaluation has been made with sea surface temperature(SST)and SAT from the Arctic land and ocean.Additionally,the variations of sea surface parameters were analyzed for a better understanding of the updated Arctic changes in recent years.AA was underestimated by 4.3%when only considering the SAT.During 1982—2018,the Arctic and global SSTs increased dramatically after 2002 with a near-synchronous trend in 2011—2018.Sea ice extent exhibited negative anomalies in September and March after 2002,which were more significant in September.The warming was more remarkable in March than that in September,and the negative SST anomaly entirely disappeared in March in the last two years(2017—2018).However,sea ice thickness and snow depth in September increased with the positive anomaly in the southwestern Arctic Ocean.展开更多
The continued warming of the Arctic atmosphere and ocean has led to a record retreat of sea ice in the last decades.This retreat has increased the probability of the opening of the Arctic Passages in the near future.T...The continued warming of the Arctic atmosphere and ocean has led to a record retreat of sea ice in the last decades.This retreat has increased the probability of the opening of the Arctic Passages in the near future.The Northwest Passage(NWP)is the most direct shipping route between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans,producing notable economic benefits.Decadal variations of sea ice and its influencing factors from a high-resolution unstructured-grid finite-volume community ocean model were investigated along the NWP in 1988-2016,and the accessibility of the NWP was assessed under shared socioeconomic pathways(SSP245 and 585)and two vessel classes with the Arctic transportation acces-sibility model in 2021-2050.Sea ice thickness has decreased with increasing seawater temperature and salinity,especially within the Canadian Arctic Archipelago(CAA)in 1988-2016,which has facilitated the opening of the NWP.Complete ship navigation is projected to be possible for polar class 6 ships in August-December in 2021-2025,after when it may extends to July under SSP585 in 2026-2030,while open water ships will not be able to pass through the NWP until September in mid-21st century.The navigability of the NWP is mainly affected by the ice within the CAA.For the accessibility of the Parry Channel,the west part is worse than that of the eastern part,especially in the Viscount-Melville Sound.展开更多
基金the Frontier Science Key Project of CAS(QYZDY-SSW-DQC021,and QYZDJ-SSW-DQC039)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41721091)+2 种基金Opening Fund of Key Laboratory of Land Surface Process and Climate Change in Cold and Arid Regions,CAS(LPCC2018005)the State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science(SKLCS-ZZ-2020)Foundation for Excellent Youth Scholars of Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources,CAS(FEYS2019020).
文摘Although dramatic warming is occurring in the Arctic,it is incomplete to provide an estimate to the Arctic Amplification(AA)based only on the surface air temperature(SAT)obtained at a few land stations.In this study,a comprehensive evaluation has been made with sea surface temperature(SST)and SAT from the Arctic land and ocean.Additionally,the variations of sea surface parameters were analyzed for a better understanding of the updated Arctic changes in recent years.AA was underestimated by 4.3%when only considering the SAT.During 1982—2018,the Arctic and global SSTs increased dramatically after 2002 with a near-synchronous trend in 2011—2018.Sea ice extent exhibited negative anomalies in September and March after 2002,which were more significant in September.The warming was more remarkable in March than that in September,and the negative SST anomaly entirely disappeared in March in the last two years(2017—2018).However,sea ice thickness and snow depth in September increased with the positive anomaly in the southwestern Arctic Ocean.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42005075,41721091)the Frontier Science Key Project of CAS(QYZDY-SSW-DQC021)+1 种基金the State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science(SKLCS-ZZ-2021)Foundation for Excellent Youth Scholars of Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources,Chinese Academy of Sciences(FEYS2019020).
文摘The continued warming of the Arctic atmosphere and ocean has led to a record retreat of sea ice in the last decades.This retreat has increased the probability of the opening of the Arctic Passages in the near future.The Northwest Passage(NWP)is the most direct shipping route between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans,producing notable economic benefits.Decadal variations of sea ice and its influencing factors from a high-resolution unstructured-grid finite-volume community ocean model were investigated along the NWP in 1988-2016,and the accessibility of the NWP was assessed under shared socioeconomic pathways(SSP245 and 585)and two vessel classes with the Arctic transportation acces-sibility model in 2021-2050.Sea ice thickness has decreased with increasing seawater temperature and salinity,especially within the Canadian Arctic Archipelago(CAA)in 1988-2016,which has facilitated the opening of the NWP.Complete ship navigation is projected to be possible for polar class 6 ships in August-December in 2021-2025,after when it may extends to July under SSP585 in 2026-2030,while open water ships will not be able to pass through the NWP until September in mid-21st century.The navigability of the NWP is mainly affected by the ice within the CAA.For the accessibility of the Parry Channel,the west part is worse than that of the eastern part,especially in the Viscount-Melville Sound.
