职业本科教育产教融合的路径与支持政策研究——以浙江药科职业大学为例

通过对职业本科教育产教融合的发展阶段、内涵建设和指导性政策等进行梳理,围绕职业本科教育的办学机制、运行原则、人才供求和资源调控机制4个方面内容进行展开,并以此作为职业本科教育产教融合发展路径,从而丰富职业本科教育的办学模式和办学特色。同时从制定和实施产教融合政策、监督管理、经费保障等3个方面的支持政策进行分析,在提出优化路径和支持政策的同时,以浙江药科职业大学为例,对新建的职业本科大学在实施产教融合作出阐述,以此为职业本科教育在实施产教融合提供必要的理论依据。

Progress on CASEarth Satellite Development

CASEarth satellite is the first space Earth science satellite produced by the Chinese Academy of Sciences.The satellite has three payloads:high-definition Thermal Infrared Spectrometer(TIS),highdefinition Glimmer Imager for Urbanization(GIU),and high-definition Multispectral Imager for Inshore(MII).These payloads are used to explore the urbanization level and residential layout,the coastal ecosystem,and new methods and approaches of environmental detection during night-time and even under conditions of polar aurora and provide scientific evidence for the refined depiction of human traces.The CASEarth satellite can provide space observation data for A Project on Big Earth Data Science Engineering as well as scientific and application studies inside and outside China.

基于VIIRS数据的中国东部气溶胶光学厚度反演算法改进

VIIRS(Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite)作为MODIS(The MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)的后继传感器,可在全球范围内实现对气溶胶的连续时空监测.卫星反演的气溶胶光学厚度(Aerosol Optical Depth,AOD)是研究地球能量收支平衡、气候效应和空气质量的重要大气参数.但在中国重污染天气情况下,现有的VIIRS陆地气溶胶产品存在一定不足.因此,本研究改进云识别方法,优化像元筛选,约束气溶胶类型选择,实现重污染情况下AOD的反演.基于地基AERONET(AErosol RObotic NETwork)的验证结果表明,相比NOAA(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)产品,改进后的反演结果克服了反演值偏低的问题,且表现出更好的相关性,RMSE从0.236下降到0.219.为验证在重污染条件下改进算法的适用性和准确性,本文对比了两种污染条件下的反演结果(0.6<AODAERONET <1和AODAERONET>1).统计结果表明,在较重污染天气条件下(AODAERONET>1),相比NOAA的AOD产品,本文结果的反演率从32.3%提升为68.8%,回归分析的斜率提高为0.80,相关系数达到0.76,均方根误差为0.307,在增加反演量的同时保证了反演的精度.

宝天曼蝴蝶区系研究

为全面摸清宝天曼保护区蝶类的物种和区系组成。通过野外调查,宝天曼蝶类区系是以东洋区系为主导和南北种类过度交叉为特征的,其中东洋界约占全部种群数量的58%,古北界和全北界种占全部调查种群种类数量的9%。数据分析发现,宝天曼保护区的蝶类以中国北亚热带的代表的蝶类区系,显著区别与传统的中国温带蝴蝶区系。

基于Cesium的大气污染三维动态可视化系统设计

目前,大气污染可视化系统多以二维、静态、数值的方式展示某一地区大气污染的严重程度。针对以上问题,基于Cesium平台设计了包括全球和全国两个尺度三维动态可视化系统。该系统采用B/S模式,在全球尺度下采用三维柱状图方式宏观展示全球各个国家的大气污染情况;在全国尺度下采用热力图方式具体展示每个省份不同的大气污染严重程度,并结合Echarts实现了连续、动态的三维可视化效果。从得到的可视化效果看出,该系统能够以三维、动态的形式在两个尺度下形象的展示大气污染浓度情况及变化趋势,具有一定的应用价值。

河南省沟胫天牛亚科(鞘翅目:天牛科)的3个新纪录种

【目的】调查河南省天牛科的种类及分布,进而研究其寄主及防治方法。【方法】在宝天曼自然保护区运用网捕法及灯诱法采集昆虫标本。【结果】对河南省天牛科种类进行了系统地调查、采集、鉴定及标本制作,补充了河南省的天牛科纪录。【结论】河南省天牛科3个新纪录种为:粗粒巨瘤天牛Morimospasma tuberculatum(Breuning,1939),拟态木天牛Xylariopsis mimica(Bates,1884)及断点长筒天牛Euseboides punctatissimus(Holzschuh,2010)。

全球碳盘点卫星遥感监测方法、进展与挑战

以全球变暖为主要特征的气候变化已成为全球性环境问题,对全球可持续发展带来严峻挑战。2015年《巴黎协定》确定了自2020年后国家自主贡献的减排方式,并从2023年开始每5 a开展一次全球碳盘点。2019年第49届IPCC全会明确增加了基于卫星遥感的排放清单校验方法。欧盟、美国、日本、加拿大等正在大力发展温室气体排放的MVS(Monitoring and Verification Support)能力。本文调研分析了全球碳盘点对卫星遥感技术的需求,介绍了全球碳盘点卫星遥感的技术原理,梳理了温室气体卫星遥感、生态系统碳源汇卫星遥感估算、人为源碳排放卫星遥感、碳通量同化估算等全球碳盘点卫星遥感核心环节的研究现状与进展,分析了当前卫星遥感技术对全球碳盘点任务的支撑能力,并结合国内外发展趋势,针对性地提出中国的碳监测卫星计划方案,并展望了中国开展全球碳盘点卫星遥感监测重点任务,期望为中国全球碳盘点卫星遥感体系建设提供思路与方案。

滦河流域碳、水循环和能量平衡遥感综合试验总体设计

始于20世纪80年代的系列大型遥感试验开始系统研究地表物质和能量交换过程,对遥感与地球系统科学研究的结合起到重要作用,但是尚无综合利用多源遥感数据解决碳、水、能量循环问题的有效方案。遥感科学国家重点实验室于滦河上游地区组织开展基础性、多学科、多尺度的“碳、水循环和能量平衡遥感综合试验”。本次试验面向地球系统科学对遥感观测的最新要求,以遥感如何服务地—气过程研究为关键科学问题,开展星—机—地多尺度遥感综合观测和地面测量,论证中国自主设计的碳、水、能量相关卫星的技术指标,基于大场景真实结构模拟和多尺度综合观测构建虚拟遥感试验场,验证全波段遥感机理模型和复杂地表辐射传输机理。核心试验区位于地势较为平坦的闪电河流域和地形复杂的小滦河流域。闪电河流域主要地类为农田和草地,开展的试验以水循环和能量平衡遥感综合观测为主。小滦河流域主要地类为森林和草地,以碳循环遥感综合观测为主。两个试验区都开展了系统性的多架次飞行试验,并同步开展地面全波段、主被动协同观测。特别设计了一次长达165 km的大跨度飞行试验,横跨两个试验区,包含了地表类型和海拔高度的逐渐过渡。从2017年的预实验开始,整个试验为期5年。基于科学目标驱动、开放、协作、共享的原则,本次试验吸引了10个大型国家科研项目,4个卫星计划团队,19家单位200人次参加,是中国主导的又一次具有明确科学目标的大型多学科交叉遥感综合试验。

闪电河流域水循环和能量平衡遥感综合试验

遥感试验是进行遥感原理的验证、遥感模型与反演方法的发展、遥感产品的真实性检验,推动卫星计划的论证实施及其观测在地球系统科学中应用的重要途径。闪电河流域水循环和能量平衡遥感综合试验以滦河上游闪电河流域为核心试验区,以地球表层系统的水循环过程和能量平衡为研究对象,旨在通过天—空—地一体化的观测手段,针对不同典型地表类型开展全波段主被动协同遥感观测,研究异质地表和山地条件下像元尺度遥感关键参量的观测方案,研究重要水热参量的遥感方法及其同陆面/水文过程模型的结合,支撑国家民用空间基础设施和空间科学先导专项相关卫星计划的论证实施。其中,航空飞行遥感试验搭载L波段主被动一体化微波载荷、双角度热红外相机、四波段多光谱相机和高光谱成像仪进行协同观测,实现了土壤水分、组分温度、植被含水量、叶面积指数等地表参数以及湖泊、水库、湿地等的遥感监测;地面同步观测试验利用车载微波辐射计、地基雷达和光谱仪进行了典型地物如裸土、植被、水体、人工目标等的遥感观测,并按照样区—样方—样点的多尺度嵌套方案进行了地表参数的同步采样,获取了该地区关键地表参数的短时期时空变化特征;同时配合卫星和机载观测,在闪电河流域完成了土壤温湿度、地表水热通量、地表辐射四分量、降水等气象要素的地面观测网络的建设,为验证地表辐射/散射遥感模型,发展、优化和验证水热参量遥感反演算法,研究地表水热参量尺度效应与尺度转化问题提供了重要平台,将促进陆表能量与水分交换过程的理解及其对全球变化的作用和反馈机制的研究。

2013年—2017年主要农业区秸秆焚烧时空特征及影响因素分析

中国作为农业大国,每年面临大规模的露天秸秆焚烧现象,近十几年来,秸秆焚烧在突发和极端雾霾事件中发挥了显著的作用,导致大气能见度下降,危害人类健康。本文为探究中国"大气十条"实施第一阶段(2013年—2017年)以来中国秸秆焚烧时空变化情况,并探究秸秆禁烧政策对秸秆焚烧时空变化的影响,借助2013年—2017年Terra、Aqua卫星MODIS热异常产品,利用土地利用与覆盖变化数据,通过提取白天农田范围内的热异常点,获取全国范围秸秆焚烧结果,分析了2013年—2017年秸秆焚烧时空变化特征,并深入讨论了全国和区域禁烧政策对秸秆焚烧治理的影响,有助于为今后针对重点焚烧区制定相关政策提供科学依据。研究结果显示"大气十条"颁布之后5年期间全国秸秆焚烧年总量呈先增加后减小的总趋势,最低值2016年比最高值2014年降低34.48%,2017年较2013年秸秆焚烧数量减少的区域面积约为增加区域面积的2倍。秸秆焚烧治理成效最为显著的为河南省、安徽省和湖北省,其中,河南省在严格的禁烧政策、集中约谈、经济处罚、推广秸秆综合利用产业等多种措施共同影响下,2016-06和2016-10两个秸秆焚烧高峰期的秸秆焚烧数量分别较2015年同期下降86.66%和98.93%,且后期未出现反弹。黑龙江省虽然在一定程度上控制了秋季秸秆焚烧情况,但由于秸秆产量大且缺乏处理手段,会导致次年春季出现大规模反弹,并未从根本上解决秸秆焚烧控制问题。因此,除了进一步强化秸秆焚烧重点区域和重点时段禁烧措施,不断提高禁烧监管水平,还必须鼓励秸秆还田,秸秆能源化,提高秸秆综合利用率,"禁""用"结合、因地制宜,形成管控秸秆焚烧的长效科学措施。

基于垂直订正和湿度订正方法估算川渝地区逐小时PM_(2.5)

针对PM_(2.5)污染比较严重的川渝地区,本研究利用日本静止葵花卫星(Himawari-8)反演的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)进行垂直订正和湿度订正估算川渝地区2017年—2018年09:00—16:00时的PM_(2.5)浓度。首先,基于气象观测的能见度(vis)数据与消光系数σa(λ)之间的关系,引入“标高(Ha)”对气溶胶光学厚度进行垂直订正;其次,根据匹配的气象和环境监测数据对每一个站点逐一拟合1—12月份的吸湿增长因子,并采用反距离加权空间插值(IDW)方法构建吸湿订正因子网格,从而进行湿度订正估算。研究结果表明,经垂直订正和湿度订正后,相比AOD与PM_(2.5)之间的相关性,“干”消光系数σ_(dry)与PM_(2.5)的相关性显著提高,相关系数(r)由0.12—0.45提高至0.32—0.69;验证09:00至16:00时卫星估算结果,相关系数(r)均大于0.7,均方根误差(RMSE)为18.59±2.26μg/m^(3);提取所有观测站点进行验证,r=0.82,RMSE=18.64μg/m^(3)。

A method to estimate concentrations of surface-level particulate matter using satellite-based aerosol optical thickness

We propose a new method to estimate surface-level particulate matter(PM)concentrations by using satellite-retrieved Aerosol Optical Thickness(AOT).This method considers the distribution and variation of Planetary Boundary Layer(PBL)height and relative humidity(RH)at the regional scale.The method estimates surface-level particulate matter concentrations using the data simulated by an atmospheric boundary layer model RAMS and satellite-retrieved AOT.By incorporation MODIS AOT,PBL height and RH simulated by RAMS,this method is applied to estimate the surface-level PM 2.5 concentrations in North China region.The result is evaluated by using 16 ground-based observations deployed in the research region,and the result shows a good agreement between estimated PM 2.5 concentrations and observations,and the coefficient of determination R2 is 0.61 between the estimated PM 2.5 concentrations and the observations.In addition,surface-level PM 2.5 concentrations are also estimated by using MODIS AOT,ground-based LIDAR observations and RH measurements.A comparison between the two estimated PM 2.5 concentrations shows that the new method proposed in this paper is better than the traditional method.The coefficient of determination R2 is improved from 0.32 to 0.62.

The concept of effective emissivity of nonisothermal mixed pixel and its test

Based on two preconditions, the local thermal equilibrium is satisfied and emissivities donot change with temperature, the concept of component effective emissivity of nonisothermal mixed pixel has been put forward and then the radiant directionality model of nonisothermal mixed pixel constructed from it. Our study shows that the component effective emissivity is associated with geometric structure, optical properties of target, and viewing angle, but does not depend on the component temepratures. The component temperatures can only change the ratio of component radiance to the total radiance of the mixed-pixel. The total effective emissivity of this pixel is the complement of its directional-hemisphere reflectance. After the simulation of component effective emissivity of the discrete cones and continuous vegetation canopy (winter wheat) by the Monte Carlo method, our model of radiant directionality of nonisothermal mixed pixel have been proved by lab and field measurements.

高分五号卫星大气参数探测综述

高分五号卫星搭载了大气痕量气体差分吸收光谱仪、主要温室气体探测仪、大气多角度偏振探测仪、大气环境红外甚高分辨率探测仪、可见短波红外高光谱相机和全谱段光谱成像仪共6台载荷,对全球环境监测及中国大气气溶胶、臭氧、二氧化硫、二氧化氮、二氧化碳、甲烷和云等多个环境与气象综合监测方面有着重要的意义。为了更好的了解高分五号卫星任务的大气监测内容,本文对高分五号卫星其中的4个大气探测载荷特征和数据处理算法进展进行了总结,涉及各个载荷参数信息、算法介绍和产品初步结果等相关内容。高分五号卫星是中国专门用于大气环境监测任务的遥感卫星,随着后续卫星的发射升空,将对中国乃至全球大气环境监测提供强有力的数据支撑。

Retrieval of aerosol optical depth over bright targets in the urban areas of North China during winter

Two factors that affect satellite retrieval of Aerosol Optical Depth(AOD) are aerosol model assumptions and the separation of surface reflectance.NASA/MODIS Dense Dark Vegetation(DDV) algorithm has been proven valuable in deriving aerosol distribution and properties over land;however,it cannot be applied to bright targets.As a supplement to the DDV algorithm,an algorithm to retrieve AOD over urban areas in North China in winter is developed using MODIS data,including(1) the generation and analysis of adjacent clear-days surface reflectance using MOD09 product from 2007 to 2008,and(2) seasonal aerosol models derived from AERONET data in Beijing and Xianghe sites.Ground-based measurements using sun photometers were used to validate the retrieved AOD,and the correlation coefficient(r) is up to 0.931.Especially for high AOD values(AOD>0.4),more retrievals meet the inversion accuracy.The temporal variations of retrieval errors over urban,rural and mountain regions were examined,and the results indicated that the variation of blue-band surface reflectance is less than 0.02 in a short period except for unusual weather conditions,the retrieval bias is under 0.08,and the relative error decreases as the AOD increases.

Forest NPP estimation based on MODIS data under cloudless condition

Based on light-use efficiency model, an MODIS-derived daily net primary production (NPP) model was developed. In this model, a new model for the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by vegetation (FPAR) is developed based on leaf area index (LAI) and albedo parameters, and a pho- tosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is calculated from the combination of Bird's model with aerosol optical thickness and water vapor derived from cloud free MODIS images. These two models are inte- grated into our predicted NPP model, whose most parameters are retrieved from MODIS data. In order to validate our NPP model, the observed NPP in the Qianyanzhou station and the Changbai Mountains station are used to compare with our predicted NPP, showing that they are in good agreement. The NASA NPP products also have been downloaded and compared with the measurements, which shows that the NASA NPP products underestimated NPP in the Qianyanzhou station but overestimated in the Changbai Mountains station in 2004.

A convolution algorithm to calculate differential cross sections of the Ring effect in the Earth's atmosphere based on rotational Raman scattering

The Ring effect refers to the filling in of Fraunhofer lines, which is mainly attributed to the rotational Raman scattering of solar spectra by N2 and O2 molecules in the atmosphere. The Ring effect is one of the most significant factors affecting the accuracy of retrieving concentrations of atmospheric trace gases, such as NO2 and SO2, from satellite observations through differential optical absorption spectroscopy. First in this study, the solar spectrum measured by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument onboard NASA Aura is convolved with the rotational Raman cross section of the atmosphere, which is calculated from the rotational Raman cross sections of N2 and O2 molecules, and divided by the original solar spectrum. The slowly varying term is removed by fitting it with a cubic polynomial to obtain the differential Ring spectrum. The results agree well with the calculations using a radiative transfer model (R2=0.9663). Second, the differential Ring spectrum is computed using two fixed wavelengths of 410 nm and 488 nm, and the resulting differential Ring spectra are similar to that calculated with varying wavelengths and agree well with the calculation using the radiative transfer model (R2=0.9624 and 0.9639 respectively). The computation time using the fixed wavelength is about 0.128% of that using a varying wavelength. Finally, we found that the frequency spectrum of the Raman cross sections for the atmosphere, N2 molecules and O2 molecules are similar; thus, the Raman cross section of N2 or O2 molecules can be used to compute the approximate Ring effect for simplicity.

基于VIIRS火点数据和FARSITE系统的森林火灾蔓延模拟

针对森林火灾模型模拟、预测火灾蔓延结果精度随时间增加而降低的问题,提出了使用卫星遥感火监测数据重初始化火灾模型降低模拟结果误差的方法。使用FARSITE(Fire Area Simulator)火灾模拟系统模拟内蒙古自治区一场森林火灾,并使用375 m的VIIRS(Visible infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite)火监测数据对FARSITE重初始化,探究该方法在中国林火蔓延模拟中的应用。使用SC(S?rensen’s Coefficient)值,辅以多源卫星遥感数据,评估该方法模拟结果精度。结果显示,各模拟过程中,模拟结果精度均随模拟时间的增加而降低,重初始化的模拟结果与实际过火区一致性更高,VIIRS重初始化模拟结果SC值最高提高56.89%,最终SC值提高了45.45%;最终模拟结果的SC值从最初的54.14%经过VIIRS火点修正后提高到78.76%;模拟过程中的VIIRS火点重初始化的模拟结果SC值最高为87.8%。使用VIIRS火监测数据重初始化FARSITE火灾模拟系统,将火灾分为多次进行模拟,缩短模拟时间,有效控制模拟误差的传递,提高了森林火灾蔓延模拟的精度,这种方法提高了火灾模型在大规模、长时间森林火灾应用中的可靠性。

A data assimilation-based method for optimizing parameterization schemes in a land surface process model

Optimizing the parameters of a land surface process model(LSPM) through data assimilation(DA) can not only improve and perfect the parameterization schemes in the LSPM through the physical mechanism, but also increase its regional adaptability and simulation capability. This has practical importance for improving simulation results and the climate-prediction capability of general circulation models(GCMs) and regional climate models(RCMs). This paper presents a DA-based method for optimizing the parameterization schemes in LSPMs. We optimize the unsaturated-soil water flow(Un SWF) model as an example by developing a soil-moisture assimilation scheme based on the Un SWF model and the extended Kalman filter(EKF) algorithm, and then combining them with the Variable Infiltration Capacity(VIC) model. Using a month as the assimilation window, we used the Shuffled Complex Evolution–University of Arizona(SCE-UA) algorithm to minimize the objective function through simulated and assimilated soil moisture, achieved the best fit with the given objective function measurement, and optimized the parameters of the Un SWF model, including the saturated-soil hydraulic conductivity, moisture content, matrix potential, and the Clapp and Hornberger constant. The optimal values of the model parameters were obtained during the DA period(the year 1986), and then the optimized parameters were used to improve the Un SWF model. Finally, numerical simulation experiments were carried out from 1986 to 1993 to evaluate the simulation capability of the improved model and to explore and realize the DA-based method for optimizing the soil water parameterization scheme in LSPMs. The experimental results indicated that the optimized model parameters improved and perfected the model based on the physical mechanism, and increased its simulation capability; the optimized model parameters had good temporal portability and their adaptability was stronger, achieving the aim of improving the model. Therefore, this method is reasonable and feasible. This paper provides a good reference for DA-based optimization of the parameterization schemes in LSPMs.

Accuracy analysis of PPDF-based method to parameterize aerosol scattering effect

We introduce the path length probability density function(PPDF) method, which is based on an equivalence theorem and parameterizes the aerosol scattering effect by adding four factors to the atmospheric transmittance model. Using simulated observations in the O2-A band, we examined the utility of the PPDF-based method to account for the aerosol scattering effect. First, observations were simulated using a forward model under different aerosol conditions; PPDF factors were then retrieved using an optimal estimation method; PPDF factors were used to reconstruct the observations; and finally, simulated true observations and reconstructions were compared. Analysis of the difference between the true observations and reconstructions confirmed the utility of the PPDF-based method. Additionally, the O2 band was demonstrated to be an efficient observing band for assisting the remote sensing of atmospheric trace gases in the near-infrared band.