Marine copepods, Acartia erythraea, were exposed separately to aqueous Cu and Ag media and to a Cu＋Ag mixture in a series of experiments during which the metal body burden and partitioning in the exoskeleton and pola...Marine copepods, Acartia erythraea, were exposed separately to aqueous Cu and Ag media and to a Cu＋Ag mixture in a series of experiments during which the metal body burden and partitioning in the exoskeleton and polar and nonpolar parts of the animal cells were measured and the uptake and effiux rate constants for Cu and Ag were calculated. The metal uptake and effiux rate constants were 1.04×10^3±1.00×10^2 L·g^-1·d^-1 and 9.28× 102＋ 1.43×10-2 d^-1 for Cu and 1.60× 104＋1.78×10^3L·g^-1·d^-1and 9.23×10^2 -4- 9.1 1×10^3d^-1 for Ag, respectively. For both Cu and Ag, the uptake rate constants when the copepods were exposed to solutions of a single metal were generally higher than that when the copepods were exposed to metal mixtures. The results suggest an antagonistic interaction between waterborne Cu and Ag exists in marine copepods. The different distributions of Cu and Ag among the exoskeleton and polar and nonpolar parts of the copepods revealed that the metal bioavailability in copepods exposed to metal mixtures enhanced in some degree compared to copepods exposed to single metal solutions.展开更多
Nonlinear dependence of the synergetic current by the combined effect of electron-cyclotron current drive(ECCD)and lower-hybrid current drive(LHCD)on the power ratio is shown through the recent simulation research bas...Nonlinear dependence of the synergetic current by the combined effect of electron-cyclotron current drive(ECCD)and lower-hybrid current drive(LHCD)on the power ratio is shown through the recent simulation research based on common parameters on HL-2A tokamak.Corresponding experiments have been demonstrated on HL-2A tokamak and these experimental results verify qualitatively the simulated ones.展开更多
The internal kink mode with a real frequency comparable with the bulk ion diamagnetic frequency is investigated in the case of lower hybrid wave injection.It is found that circulating supra-thermal electrons can direc...The internal kink mode with a real frequency comparable with the bulk ion diamagnetic frequency is investigated in the case of lower hybrid wave injection.It is found that circulating supra-thermal electrons can directly destabilize the internal kink mode by resonance interaction in the neighborhood of the q =1 rational surface.The pressure gradient of circulating supra-thermal electrons on the resonance surface is crucial for excitation of the mode.展开更多
The synergy current driven by combined lower hybrid wave(LHW)and electron cyclotron wave(ECW)in two different polarizations is studied.It is shown that improvement of the current drive efficiency can be obtained durin...The synergy current driven by combined lower hybrid wave(LHW)and electron cyclotron wave(ECW)in two different polarizations is studied.It is shown that improvement of the current drive efficiency can be obtained during the synergy current drive,using either the fundamental ordinary mode(1O-mode)or the second harmonic extraordinary mode(2X-mode)ECW.Detailed comparison of using the two modes reveals that the 1O-mode is more effective than the 2X-mode.It is also found that the synergy current driven by LHW and 2X-mode ECW is more likely to become negative when the power of ECW is higher than that of LHW.展开更多
文摘Marine copepods, Acartia erythraea, were exposed separately to aqueous Cu and Ag media and to a Cu＋Ag mixture in a series of experiments during which the metal body burden and partitioning in the exoskeleton and polar and nonpolar parts of the animal cells were measured and the uptake and effiux rate constants for Cu and Ag were calculated. The metal uptake and effiux rate constants were 1.04×10^3±1.00×10^2 L·g^-1·d^-1 and 9.28× 102＋ 1.43×10-2 d^-1 for Cu and 1.60× 104＋1.78×10^3L·g^-1·d^-1and 9.23×10^2 -4- 9.1 1×10^3d^-1 for Ag, respectively. For both Cu and Ag, the uptake rate constants when the copepods were exposed to solutions of a single metal were generally higher than that when the copepods were exposed to metal mixtures. The results suggest an antagonistic interaction between waterborne Cu and Ag exists in marine copepods. The different distributions of Cu and Ag among the exoskeleton and polar and nonpolar parts of the copepods revealed that the metal bioavailability in copepods exposed to metal mixtures enhanced in some degree compared to copepods exposed to single metal solutions.
基金Supported by the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Science Program of China under Grant No 2010GB107003.
文摘Nonlinear dependence of the synergetic current by the combined effect of electron-cyclotron current drive(ECCD)and lower-hybrid current drive(LHCD)on the power ratio is shown through the recent simulation research based on common parameters on HL-2A tokamak.Corresponding experiments have been demonstrated on HL-2A tokamak and these experimental results verify qualitatively the simulated ones.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 2009GB105003.
文摘The internal kink mode with a real frequency comparable with the bulk ion diamagnetic frequency is investigated in the case of lower hybrid wave injection.It is found that circulating supra-thermal electrons can directly destabilize the internal kink mode by resonance interaction in the neighborhood of the q =1 rational surface.The pressure gradient of circulating supra-thermal electrons on the resonance surface is crucial for excitation of the mode.
基金Supported by the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Science Program of China under Grant No 2009GB105003 and 2010GB2007003.
文摘The synergy current driven by combined lower hybrid wave(LHW)and electron cyclotron wave(ECW)in two different polarizations is studied.It is shown that improvement of the current drive efficiency can be obtained during the synergy current drive,using either the fundamental ordinary mode(1O-mode)or the second harmonic extraordinary mode(2X-mode)ECW.Detailed comparison of using the two modes reveals that the 1O-mode is more effective than the 2X-mode.It is also found that the synergy current driven by LHW and 2X-mode ECW is more likely to become negative when the power of ECW is higher than that of LHW.
