对三阴性乳腺癌(tripl e negative breast cancer,TNBC)相关治疗的国内外研究现状及进展作一综述,指出TNBC是乳腺癌其中的一个亚型,其雌激素受体(est r ogen r ecept or,ER)、孕激素受体(pr oges t er one recept or,PR)以及人类表皮生...对三阴性乳腺癌(tripl e negative breast cancer,TNBC)相关治疗的国内外研究现状及进展作一综述,指出TNBC是乳腺癌其中的一个亚型,其雌激素受体(est r ogen r ecept or,ER)、孕激素受体(pr oges t er one recept or,PR)以及人类表皮生长因子受体2(human epi der mal gr owt h f act or r ecept or 2,HER-2)的表达状态均为阴性。TNBC具有独特的生物学及临床特征,较其他亚型的乳腺癌有更强的侵袭性,而且无病生存期较短,软组织及内脏转移率高,5年内死亡率较非TNBC患者高。目前治疗乳腺癌主要以ER,PR,HER2为靶点,但TNBC患者因为缺少靶点,不能从内分泌治疗及靶向治疗中获益,导致其预后差、复发转移率及死亡率高。因此TNBC成为近年乳腺癌研究和关注的焦点。展开更多
This paper calculates the China-U.S. trade balance from the national income perspective based on an input-output model that differentiates domestic and foreign-invested companies. The result shows that due to differen...This paper calculates the China-U.S. trade balance from the national income perspective based on an input-output model that differentiates domestic and foreign-invested companies. The result shows that due to different degrees of dependence of both countries on foreign production factors such as foreign capital for the manufacturing of export goods,only 87.7% of the domestic value-added created by China's exports to the U.S. in 2012 was China's national income, whereas 96.2% of value-added in U.S. exports to China was U.S.national income. In the comparison of total export volume and export value-added, the home country's national income created by exports can more realistically reflect a country's gains from trade. In 2012, China's trade surplus with the U.S. stood at 102.8 billion US dollars in national income terms, which is 61% and 22% smaller than the results in gross and value-added terms, respectively. The implication is that the traditional trade balance accounting method seriously exaggerates the China-U.S. trade imbalance.展开更多
The paper explores the contribution of different factors affecting water use efficiency(WUE) of each sector and explores ways to improve WUE.A new Multi-Sector and Multi-Factors Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index(MLMDI) d...The paper explores the contribution of different factors affecting water use efficiency(WUE) of each sector and explores ways to improve WUE.A new Multi-Sector and Multi-Factors Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index(MLMDI) decomposition method was developed that enabled the identification of WUE by sector into 11 factors in terms of their order of importance.An application to Beijing at the 19 sector level was made for the period between 2002–2007.The water conservation effects of six measures proposed during the 12th-Five-Year-Plan of Beijing were assessed.It was found that,to decrease the transferred out and export of agriculture products and increasing water prices would be the top two most effective measures to promote water conservation.While the adjustment of direct water use structure would contribute in less significant way,the adjustment of industrial structure would have a negative effect.展开更多
文摘对三阴性乳腺癌(tripl e negative breast cancer,TNBC)相关治疗的国内外研究现状及进展作一综述,指出TNBC是乳腺癌其中的一个亚型,其雌激素受体(est r ogen r ecept or,ER)、孕激素受体(pr oges t er one recept or,PR)以及人类表皮生长因子受体2(human epi der mal gr owt h f act or r ecept or 2,HER-2)的表达状态均为阴性。TNBC具有独特的生物学及临床特征,较其他亚型的乳腺癌有更强的侵袭性,而且无病生存期较短,软组织及内脏转移率高,5年内死亡率较非TNBC患者高。目前治疗乳腺癌主要以ER,PR,HER2为靶点,但TNBC患者因为缺少靶点,不能从内分泌治疗及靶向治疗中获益,导致其预后差、复发转移率及死亡率高。因此TNBC成为近年乳腺癌研究和关注的焦点。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) projects (71473244, 61873261 and 71704195)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,the University of International Business and Economics (CXTD7-06)
文摘This paper calculates the China-U.S. trade balance from the national income perspective based on an input-output model that differentiates domestic and foreign-invested companies. The result shows that due to different degrees of dependence of both countries on foreign production factors such as foreign capital for the manufacturing of export goods,only 87.7% of the domestic value-added created by China's exports to the U.S. in 2012 was China's national income, whereas 96.2% of value-added in U.S. exports to China was U.S.national income. In the comparison of total export volume and export value-added, the home country's national income created by exports can more realistically reflect a country's gains from trade. In 2012, China's trade surplus with the U.S. stood at 102.8 billion US dollars in national income terms, which is 61% and 22% smaller than the results in gross and value-added terms, respectively. The implication is that the traditional trade balance accounting method seriously exaggerates the China-U.S. trade imbalance.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.71173210,71473244,and 61273208
文摘The paper explores the contribution of different factors affecting water use efficiency(WUE) of each sector and explores ways to improve WUE.A new Multi-Sector and Multi-Factors Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index(MLMDI) decomposition method was developed that enabled the identification of WUE by sector into 11 factors in terms of their order of importance.An application to Beijing at the 19 sector level was made for the period between 2002–2007.The water conservation effects of six measures proposed during the 12th-Five-Year-Plan of Beijing were assessed.It was found that,to decrease the transferred out and export of agriculture products and increasing water prices would be the top two most effective measures to promote water conservation.While the adjustment of direct water use structure would contribute in less significant way,the adjustment of industrial structure would have a negative effect.
