Sensitivity analysis （SA） is an effective tool for studying crop models; it is an important link in model localization and plays an important role in crop model calibration and application. The objectives were to （...Sensitivity analysis （SA） is an effective tool for studying crop models; it is an important link in model localization and plays an important role in crop model calibration and application. The objectives were to （i） determine influential and non-influential parameters with respect to above ground biomass （AGB）, canopy cover （CC）, and grain yield of winter wheat in the Beijing area based on the AquaCrop model under different water treatments （rainfall, normal irrigation, and over-irrigation）; and （ii） generate an AquaCrop model that can be used in the Beijing area by setting non-influential parameters to fixed values and adjusting influential parameters according to the SA results. In this study, field experiments were conducted during the 2012-2013,2013-2014, and 2014-2015 winter wheat growing seasons at the National Precision Agriculture Demonstration Research Base in Beijing, China. The extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test （EFAST） method was used to perform SA of the AquaCrop model using 42 crop parameters, in order to verify the SA results, data from the 2013-2014 growing season were used to calibrate the AquaCrop model, and data from 2012-2013 and 2014-2015 growing seasons were val- idated. For AGB and yield of winter wheat, the total order sensitivity analysis had more sensitive parameters than the first order sensitivity analysis. For the AGB time-series, parameter sensitivity was changed under different water treatments; in comparison with the non-stressful conditions （normal irrigation and over-irrigation）, there were more sensitive parameters under water stress （rainfall）, while root development parameters were more sensitive. For CC with time-series and yield, there were more sensitive parameters under water stress than under no water stress. Two parameters sets were selected to calibrate the AquaCrop model, one group of parameters were under water stress, and the others were under no water stress, there were two more sensitive parameters （growing degree-days （GDD） from sowing to the maximum rooting depth （root） and the maximum effective rooting depth （rtx）） under water stress than under no water stress. The results showed that there was higher accuracy under water stress than under no water stress. This study provides guidelines for AquaCrop model calibration and application in Beijing, China, as well providing guidance to simplify the AquaCrop model and improve its precision, especially when many parameters are used.展开更多
目的:观察齐墩果酸对咪喹莫特诱导的银屑病样小鼠的皮损及STAT3通路的干预作用。方法:72只BALB/c雄性小鼠,按随机数字表法随机分为空白组、模型组、甲氨蝶呤组、齐墩果酸低、中、高剂量组,每组12只,于背部备皮。除空白组外,其余各组小...目的:观察齐墩果酸对咪喹莫特诱导的银屑病样小鼠的皮损及STAT3通路的干预作用。方法:72只BALB/c雄性小鼠,按随机数字表法随机分为空白组、模型组、甲氨蝶呤组、齐墩果酸低、中、高剂量组,每组12只,于背部备皮。除空白组外,其余各组小鼠每日于背部备皮区域涂抹5%咪喹莫特乳膏诱导银屑病样皮损;甲氨蝶呤组及齐墩果酸各浓度组每日灌胃对应药物0.2 m L/只;每日观察皮损状态并拍照记录,每日对小鼠皮损面积及严重程度(Psoriasis Area and Severity Index,PASI)进行评分;造模第4、7天取小鼠皮损区域皮肤,免疫印迹法检测皮损中STAT3信号通路中STAT3磷酸化表达情况;第7天称量小鼠体重及脾重,计算脾指数,同时取小鼠皮损区域皮肤;苏木素-伊红(HE)染色观察皮损组织病理学改变,并测量表皮厚度;免疫组织化学法及免疫组织荧光法检测皮损中CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)、CD8^(+)T细胞浸润情况及Ki67表达情况;实时荧光定量PCR法检测皮损中白介素-17(Interleukin-17,IL-17)m RNA相对表达情况。结果:与空白组相比,造模后模型组小鼠背部皮肤出现红斑、鳞屑、浸润性皮损,第4天及第7天PASI评分升高(P<0.01);第7天模型组表皮厚度明显增加,体重下降,脾指数上升,皮损中Ki67、CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)、CD8^(+)T细胞表达量升高,皮损中IL-17的m RNA相对表达量升高(均P<0.01);第4及第7天,模型组小鼠皮损中p-STAT3的表达量均明显升高(P<0.05,P<0.01);与模型组相比,第4天各治疗组在PASI评分略降低(P>0.05),第7天各治疗组PASI评分明显降低(均P<0.01);第7天齐墩果酸各剂量组小鼠体重略有上升(P>0.05);甲氨蝶呤组小鼠脾指数明显下降(P<0.01),齐墩果酸低、中剂量组小鼠脾指数略下降(P>0.05);各治疗组小鼠表皮厚度较模型组明显下降(P<0.01或P<0.05),小鼠皮肤中Ki-67表达量、CD4^(+)、CD8^(+)T细胞表达量均明显降低(均P<0.01);甲氨蝶呤组、齐墩果酸低、中、高剂量组小鼠皮损中CD3^(+)T细胞表达量均下降(P<0.05,P>0.05,P<0.01,P<0.01),其中在齐墩果酸各剂量组中,中剂量组在脾指数下降、表皮厚度变薄、CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)、CD8^(+)T细胞减少方面均略优于低、高剂量组(P>0.05);甲氨蝶呤组及齐墩果酸中剂量组小鼠皮损中IL-17的m RNA水平较模型组明显下降(P<0.01,P<0.05);造模给药第4天,甲氨蝶呤组小鼠皮损中p-STAT3水平较模型组明显下降(P<0.05),齐墩果酸中剂量组略下降(P>0.05);造模给药第7天,两个治疗组小鼠皮损中p-STAT3水平较模型组均明显下降(均P<0.01)。结论:齐墩果酸低、中、高剂量均可以改善咪喹莫特诱导的小鼠银屑病样皮损的严重程度,减轻炎性细胞浸润,中剂量组疗效较好,其机制可能通过抑制STAT3通路中p-STAT3的表达从而降低了IL-17的含量,且药效随作用时间的延长而逐渐增加。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41571416)the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing,China(4152019)the Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences Innovation Capacity Construction Specific Projects,China(KJCX20150409)
文摘Sensitivity analysis （SA） is an effective tool for studying crop models; it is an important link in model localization and plays an important role in crop model calibration and application. The objectives were to （i） determine influential and non-influential parameters with respect to above ground biomass （AGB）, canopy cover （CC）, and grain yield of winter wheat in the Beijing area based on the AquaCrop model under different water treatments （rainfall, normal irrigation, and over-irrigation）; and （ii） generate an AquaCrop model that can be used in the Beijing area by setting non-influential parameters to fixed values and adjusting influential parameters according to the SA results. In this study, field experiments were conducted during the 2012-2013,2013-2014, and 2014-2015 winter wheat growing seasons at the National Precision Agriculture Demonstration Research Base in Beijing, China. The extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test （EFAST） method was used to perform SA of the AquaCrop model using 42 crop parameters, in order to verify the SA results, data from the 2013-2014 growing season were used to calibrate the AquaCrop model, and data from 2012-2013 and 2014-2015 growing seasons were val- idated. For AGB and yield of winter wheat, the total order sensitivity analysis had more sensitive parameters than the first order sensitivity analysis. For the AGB time-series, parameter sensitivity was changed under different water treatments; in comparison with the non-stressful conditions （normal irrigation and over-irrigation）, there were more sensitive parameters under water stress （rainfall）, while root development parameters were more sensitive. For CC with time-series and yield, there were more sensitive parameters under water stress than under no water stress. Two parameters sets were selected to calibrate the AquaCrop model, one group of parameters were under water stress, and the others were under no water stress, there were two more sensitive parameters （growing degree-days （GDD） from sowing to the maximum rooting depth （root） and the maximum effective rooting depth （rtx）） under water stress than under no water stress. The results showed that there was higher accuracy under water stress than under no water stress. This study provides guidelines for AquaCrop model calibration and application in Beijing, China, as well providing guidance to simplify the AquaCrop model and improve its precision, especially when many parameters are used.
文摘目的:观察齐墩果酸对咪喹莫特诱导的银屑病样小鼠的皮损及STAT3通路的干预作用。方法:72只BALB/c雄性小鼠,按随机数字表法随机分为空白组、模型组、甲氨蝶呤组、齐墩果酸低、中、高剂量组,每组12只,于背部备皮。除空白组外,其余各组小鼠每日于背部备皮区域涂抹5%咪喹莫特乳膏诱导银屑病样皮损;甲氨蝶呤组及齐墩果酸各浓度组每日灌胃对应药物0.2 m L/只;每日观察皮损状态并拍照记录,每日对小鼠皮损面积及严重程度(Psoriasis Area and Severity Index,PASI)进行评分;造模第4、7天取小鼠皮损区域皮肤,免疫印迹法检测皮损中STAT3信号通路中STAT3磷酸化表达情况;第7天称量小鼠体重及脾重,计算脾指数,同时取小鼠皮损区域皮肤;苏木素-伊红(HE)染色观察皮损组织病理学改变,并测量表皮厚度;免疫组织化学法及免疫组织荧光法检测皮损中CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)、CD8^(+)T细胞浸润情况及Ki67表达情况;实时荧光定量PCR法检测皮损中白介素-17(Interleukin-17,IL-17)m RNA相对表达情况。结果:与空白组相比,造模后模型组小鼠背部皮肤出现红斑、鳞屑、浸润性皮损,第4天及第7天PASI评分升高(P<0.01);第7天模型组表皮厚度明显增加,体重下降,脾指数上升,皮损中Ki67、CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)、CD8^(+)T细胞表达量升高,皮损中IL-17的m RNA相对表达量升高(均P<0.01);第4及第7天,模型组小鼠皮损中p-STAT3的表达量均明显升高(P<0.05,P<0.01);与模型组相比,第4天各治疗组在PASI评分略降低(P>0.05),第7天各治疗组PASI评分明显降低(均P<0.01);第7天齐墩果酸各剂量组小鼠体重略有上升(P>0.05);甲氨蝶呤组小鼠脾指数明显下降(P<0.01),齐墩果酸低、中剂量组小鼠脾指数略下降(P>0.05);各治疗组小鼠表皮厚度较模型组明显下降(P<0.01或P<0.05),小鼠皮肤中Ki-67表达量、CD4^(+)、CD8^(+)T细胞表达量均明显降低(均P<0.01);甲氨蝶呤组、齐墩果酸低、中、高剂量组小鼠皮损中CD3^(+)T细胞表达量均下降(P<0.05,P>0.05,P<0.01,P<0.01),其中在齐墩果酸各剂量组中,中剂量组在脾指数下降、表皮厚度变薄、CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)、CD8^(+)T细胞减少方面均略优于低、高剂量组(P>0.05);甲氨蝶呤组及齐墩果酸中剂量组小鼠皮损中IL-17的m RNA水平较模型组明显下降(P<0.01,P<0.05);造模给药第4天,甲氨蝶呤组小鼠皮损中p-STAT3水平较模型组明显下降(P<0.05),齐墩果酸中剂量组略下降(P>0.05);造模给药第7天,两个治疗组小鼠皮损中p-STAT3水平较模型组均明显下降(均P<0.01)。结论:齐墩果酸低、中、高剂量均可以改善咪喹莫特诱导的小鼠银屑病样皮损的严重程度,减轻炎性细胞浸润,中剂量组疗效较好,其机制可能通过抑制STAT3通路中p-STAT3的表达从而降低了IL-17的含量,且药效随作用时间的延长而逐渐增加。
