Wetlands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau （QTP） perform a dazzling array of vital ecological functions and are one of the most fragile ecosystems in the world. Timely and accurate information describing wetland resour...Wetlands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau （QTP） perform a dazzling array of vital ecological functions and are one of the most fragile ecosystems in the world. Timely and accurate information describing wetland resources and their changes over time is becoming more important in their protection and conservation. By using remote sensing data, this study intended to investigate spatial distribution and temporal variations of wetlands on the QTP at different watershed scales from 1970s to 2010s. Results show that wetlands on the QTP have undergone widespread degradation from 1970s to 2010s, with nearly 6.4% of their area being lost. Areas of freshwater marsh, salt marsh and wet meadow declined by 46.6%, 53.9% and 15.6%, respectively, while lake area increased by 14.6%. The most extensive losses of natural wet/ands have occurred in endorheic basins, such as in the Kunlun-Altun-Qilian Drainage Basin and Qiangtang Basin, which shrank by 44.5% and 33.1%, respectively. A pronounced increase in temperature tends to facilitate the evaporation process and reduce water availability for wetlands, One-third of the wetlands on the QTP are under threat of being submerged due to lakes rising in recent years. More research is needed to gain insight into the interaction mechanisms behind observed variations and potential impacts from further warming in the future.展开更多
Coral bleaching, caused by elevated sea surface temperature(SST), is occurring more frequently and seriously worldwide. Due to the lack of field observations, we understand little about the large-scale variability of ...Coral bleaching, caused by elevated sea surface temperature(SST), is occurring more frequently and seriously worldwide. Due to the lack of field observations, we understand little about the large-scale variability of thermal stress in the South China Sea(SCS) and its effect on China's coral reefs. This paper used 4-km high resolution gap-filled SST(Filled SST) data and thermal stress data related to coral bleaching derived from Coral Reef Temperature Anomaly Database(Co RTAD) to quantify the spatial and temporal characteristics of chronic thermal stress and acute thermal stress to China's coral reefs in SCS from 1982 to 2009. We analyzed the trend of SST in summer and the thermal stress frequency, intensity and duration during this period. The results indicate that, as a chronic thermal stress, summer mean SST in SCS shows an average upward trend of 0.2℃/decade and the spatial pattern is heterogeneous. Waters of Xisha Islands and Dongsha Islands of the northern SCS are warming faster through time compared to Zhongsha Islands and Nansha Islands sea areas of the southern SCS. High frequency bleaching related thermal stress events for these reefs are seen in the area to the northwest of Luzon Island. Severe anomaly thermal stress events are more likely to occur during the subsequent year of the El Nino year for these coral reefs. Besides, the duration of thermal stress varies considerably by anomaly year and by region.展开更多
直升机紧急医疗救援服务(Helicopter emergency medical service,HEMS)作为院外急救的重要补充,在欧美发达国家已开展了近半个世纪并积累了丰富的实践经验。随着我国经济发展和综合国力的提升,开展HEMS是必然趋势并受到社会各界的广泛...直升机紧急医疗救援服务(Helicopter emergency medical service,HEMS)作为院外急救的重要补充,在欧美发达国家已开展了近半个世纪并积累了丰富的实践经验。随着我国经济发展和综合国力的提升,开展HEMS是必然趋势并受到社会各界的广泛关注。由于国情不同,我国HEMS仍处于起步探索阶段。因此,非常有必要参考借鉴国外HEMS发展经验和教训,结合我国各地区实际情况开展实践,探索出适合我国基本国情的HEMS发展模式。笔者以学习为目的检索了国外HEMS相关文献,现将直升机紧急医疗救援的特殊性和存在的问题综述如下。展开更多
基金Under the auspices of the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFC050040106,2016YFA060230302)the National Science Foundation of China(No.41671087,41671081,41471081)the Technological Basic Research Program of China(No.2013FY111800)
文摘Wetlands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau （QTP） perform a dazzling array of vital ecological functions and are one of the most fragile ecosystems in the world. Timely and accurate information describing wetland resources and their changes over time is becoming more important in their protection and conservation. By using remote sensing data, this study intended to investigate spatial distribution and temporal variations of wetlands on the QTP at different watershed scales from 1970s to 2010s. Results show that wetlands on the QTP have undergone widespread degradation from 1970s to 2010s, with nearly 6.4% of their area being lost. Areas of freshwater marsh, salt marsh and wet meadow declined by 46.6%, 53.9% and 15.6%, respectively, while lake area increased by 14.6%. The most extensive losses of natural wet/ands have occurred in endorheic basins, such as in the Kunlun-Altun-Qilian Drainage Basin and Qiangtang Basin, which shrank by 44.5% and 33.1%, respectively. A pronounced increase in temperature tends to facilitate the evaporation process and reduce water availability for wetlands, One-third of the wetlands on the QTP are under threat of being submerged due to lakes rising in recent years. More research is needed to gain insight into the interaction mechanisms behind observed variations and potential impacts from further warming in the future.
基金Under the auspices of National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(No.2012AA12A406)
文摘Coral bleaching, caused by elevated sea surface temperature(SST), is occurring more frequently and seriously worldwide. Due to the lack of field observations, we understand little about the large-scale variability of thermal stress in the South China Sea(SCS) and its effect on China's coral reefs. This paper used 4-km high resolution gap-filled SST(Filled SST) data and thermal stress data related to coral bleaching derived from Coral Reef Temperature Anomaly Database(Co RTAD) to quantify the spatial and temporal characteristics of chronic thermal stress and acute thermal stress to China's coral reefs in SCS from 1982 to 2009. We analyzed the trend of SST in summer and the thermal stress frequency, intensity and duration during this period. The results indicate that, as a chronic thermal stress, summer mean SST in SCS shows an average upward trend of 0.2℃/decade and the spatial pattern is heterogeneous. Waters of Xisha Islands and Dongsha Islands of the northern SCS are warming faster through time compared to Zhongsha Islands and Nansha Islands sea areas of the southern SCS. High frequency bleaching related thermal stress events for these reefs are seen in the area to the northwest of Luzon Island. Severe anomaly thermal stress events are more likely to occur during the subsequent year of the El Nino year for these coral reefs. Besides, the duration of thermal stress varies considerably by anomaly year and by region.
文摘直升机紧急医疗救援服务(Helicopter emergency medical service,HEMS)作为院外急救的重要补充,在欧美发达国家已开展了近半个世纪并积累了丰富的实践经验。随着我国经济发展和综合国力的提升,开展HEMS是必然趋势并受到社会各界的广泛关注。由于国情不同,我国HEMS仍处于起步探索阶段。因此,非常有必要参考借鉴国外HEMS发展经验和教训,结合我国各地区实际情况开展实践,探索出适合我国基本国情的HEMS发展模式。笔者以学习为目的检索了国外HEMS相关文献,现将直升机紧急医疗救援的特殊性和存在的问题综述如下。
