北疆侏罗系与白垩系泥质砂岩物理力学特性对比分析及其能量损伤演化机制研究

特殊的地理、气候条件及工程地质的复杂性决定了在北疆地区软岩地层中修建引水隧洞的设计施工难度较大。隧洞成拱效应与围岩自稳能力差,围岩渗透性强,遇水软化特性显著,极易产生软岩大变形甚至坍塌失稳灾害。为进一步研究北疆地区侏罗系与白垩系泥质砂岩的物理力学性质、遇水软化特性与能量损伤演化机制,开展了二者的单轴压缩、常规三轴与单轴蠕变试验。研究结果表明:两种岩石均富含黏土矿物,白垩系泥质砂岩的粒径分配更好,但其胶结程度较差,导致其强度稳定性与地层波速相对较低。低围压条件下,两者均以环向变形与体积扩容为主,但随着围压升高,其破坏模式由体积扩张过渡到体积压缩类型。高围压加载会造成岩石内部损伤,从而导致其抗压强度的降低。遇水后,两种岩石的延塑性与应变软化特性均明显增强,白垩系泥质砂岩的遇水软化特性更为显著。白垩系泥质砂岩的蠕变特性更为显著,两者的长期强度接近其单轴压缩损伤应力值。两种泥质砂岩的能量损伤演化过程均呈现S型变化规律,侏罗系泥质砂岩的能量硬化特性更为显著,白垩系泥质砂岩会更早地进入到能量硬化与能量软化阶段。

岭回归在岩体初始地应力场反演中的应用

为使反演得到的岩体初始地应力场更加符合实际,提出岩体初始地应力场应采用压缩应力场进行叠加,反演得到边界构造荷载的大小不应过大,反演得到应力场的组成应与实测原位地应力的组成一致。依据多元线性回归相关理论,在岩体初始地应力场反演中,首先揭示了负回归系数、过大回归系数以及不显著回归系数的原因,即若采用最小二乘法求解回归系数,自变量之间的多重共线性可能会导致负的、过大的以及不显著的回归系数;然后给出了出现多重共线性的来源,即测得原位地应力的范围过窄会导致自变量之间存在多重共线性,以及采用多元多方程表示岩体初始地应力场易导致自变量之间接近完全多重共线性;最后给出了检验以及避免多重共线性的一些方法,并通过斑竹林隧道岩体初始地应力场的反演进行应用,发现在岩体初始地应力场的反演过程中,若自变量之间存在多重共线性,则岭回归可有效替代最小二乘法求解回归系数。

水下安保声栅栏设备总体结构设计与应用

结合水下反恐需求并确保指定海域的水下安全,介绍了一种用于水下安保的声栅栏设备,该设备为圆柱体外形结构,采用锚系的方式锚定在海底。通过组网的工作布置方式形成水下声栅栏警戒系统,主要用于探测水下、水面威胁小目标,对其进行跟踪识别并实时告警。现已成功应用于某大型体育赛事水上项目的水下安保系统,其海上无故障连续工作充分验证了其良好的工作可靠性。

Seepage field distribution and water inflow laws of tunnels in water-rich regions

Currently,the water inrush hazards during tunnel construction,the water leakage during tunnel operation,and the accompanying disturbances to the ecological environment have become the main problems that affect the structural safety of tunnels in water-rich regions.In this paper,a tunnel seepage model testing system was used to conduct experiments of the grouting circle and primary support with different permeability coefficients.The influences of the supporting structures on the water inflow laws and the distribution of the water pressure in the tunnel were analyzed.With the decrease in the permeability coefficient of the grouting circle or the primary support,the inflow rate of water into the tunnel showed a non-linear decreasing trend.In comparison,the water inflow reduction effect of grouting circle was much better than that of primary support.With the increase of the permeability coefficient of the grouting ring,the water pressure behind the primary lining increases gradually,while the water pressure behind the grouting ring decreases.Thus,the grouting of surrounding rock during the construction of water-rich tunnel can effectively weaken the hydraulic connection,reduce the influence range of seepage,and significantly reduce the decline of groundwater.Meanwhile,the seepage tests at different hydrostatic heads and hydrodynamic heads during tunnel operation period were also conducted.As the hydrostatic head decreased,the water pressure at each characteristic point decreased approximately linearly,and the water inflow rate also had a gradual downward trend.Under the action of hydrodynamic head,the water pressure had an obvious lagging effect,which was not conducive to the stability of the supporting structures,and it could be mitigated by actively regulating the drainage rate.Compared with the hydrostatic head,the hydrodynamic head could change the real-time rate of water inflow to the tunnel and broke the dynamic balance between the water pressure and water inflow rate,thereby affecting the stress state on the supporting structures.

Effect of stress paths on failure mechanism and progressive damage of hard-brittle rock

During deep buried hard-brittle rock tunnel excavation,the surrounding rock experiences a complicated stress path and stress adjustment process.Once the adjusted stress exceeds the ultimate bearing capacity of rockmass,a rock failure mode defined as stress-cracking type will occur.In order to investigate the effect of stress paths on failure mechanism and progressive damage of deep-buried rockmass,the cyclic loading-unloading,loading-unloading,uniaxial,conventional and unloading triaxial compression tests on samples of hard-brittle sandstone were conducted.According to the experimental results,increase in the confining pressure was beneficial to improve the mechanical parameters of rock,but it will reduce the brittle failure features.Compared with conventional triaxial compression,the sandstone under unloading state had more remarkable stress drop and unstable failure characteristics.Meanwhile,it was found that the energy dissipation and energy release in the whole process of rock deformation were the internal power of driven rock progressive damage.With the increase of confining pressure,the energy hardening and energy accumulation features of rock were weakened,while the progressive damage evolution characteristics could be enhanced.In unloading state,more energy could be converted into elastic energy in the energy softening phase(σeb-σP),so that the prepeak damage rate of rock was lower than that of conventional triaxial compression state.Thus,the energy dissipation rate of rock after peak strength decreased linearly with the increase of confining pressure under conventional triaxial compression state,while in unloading state it showed the opposite law.

Time-dependent squeezing deformation mechanism of tunnels in layered soft-rock stratum under high geo-stress

Large squeezing deformation of layered soft rock tunnel under high geo-stress has a significant time-dependent deformation behavior.In this paper,we studied the deformation mechanism during the construction period of deep-buried softrock tunnel by means of a combination of field observations and a numerical method.First,a new classification criterion for large deformations based on the power exponent variation law between the deformation and the strength-stress ratio is proposed.Then,the initial damage tensor reflecting the bedding plane(joint)distribution and an equivalent damage evolution equation derived from the viscoplastic strain are introduced based on the geometric research method,i.e.,a new rheological damage model(RDL model)of layered soft rock is established consisting of elastic,viscous,viscoelastic,viscoplastic and plastic elements.A field test was conducted on the Maoxian tunnel in Sichuan province,southwestern China,which is in broken phyllite(layered soft rock)under high geo-stress.The tunnel has experienced large deformation due to serious squeezing pressure,thus we adopted double primary support method to overcome the supporting structure failure problems.The rheological parameters of phyllite in the Maoxian tunnel were recognized by using SA-PSO optimization,and the RDL model does a good job in describing the time-dependent deformation behavior of a layered soft-rock tunnel under high geo-stress.Thus,the RDL model was used to investigate the supporting effect and bearing mechanism of the double primary support method.Compared with the single primary support method,the surrounding rock pressure,secondary lining force,surrounding rock deformation,and the depth of the damage to the rock mass was reduced by 40%-60%after the double primary support method was used.

基于假雷目标拖曳系统的水声对抗试验方案设计

假雷目标拖曳系统对于水声对抗器材的研制、湖上测试及指标考核具有十分重要的意义。介绍假雷目标拖曳系统的组成及工作流程,提出通过电动绞车拖曳假雷目标实现高速近距离穿越水声对抗器材样机的试验方案,同时完成对假雷目标的水下探测与跟踪,从而达到对水声对抗器材样机测试与考核的目的。在阐述假雷目标拖曳系统的基础上,给出具体的试验总体布置方案与试验测试方案。经实航试验验证,总体布置方案、测试方案及试验结果具有较高的实用性与参考性。

基于机器学习的隧道支护体系智能化设计与评价方法

随着人工智能的大力发展,采用智能算法进行非线性映射的深度学习为解决隧道及地下工程长期依赖经验设计的现状提供了新的思路。通过多指标融合(力学及变形控制指标、支护体系协同度相关系数)提出了一种以适配度表征的支护体系评价方法,并基于该方法收集了公路隧道718个断面、铁路隧道486个断面信息用于搭建算法训练的数据样本库。将隧道工程背景信息中岩石坚硬程度、完整程度、岩层厚度、地下水量、埋深水平、地质构造、施工工法、内轮廓形式共计8种属性作为输入指标,将支护体系中喷射混凝土+钢筋网、锚杆、钢拱架、二次衬砌、超前支护共计5种标签作为输出指标,对输入输出指标进行了量化处理。在对比了PSO-SVM、SA-PSO-SVM、CLS-PSO-SVM算法在支护体系智能反馈模型应用中的特点后,对生成的智能设计及反馈模型进行了检验。研究结果表明:评价方法首先剔除了偏弱设计方案,对强支护和一般支护方案的适配度分别为4.28、4.68,验证了该方法在保证结构安全的前提下可对材料性能利用率作出评价;3种智能算法中,搜索范围最广的CLS-PSO-SVM算法反馈准确率最高但耗时最长,而PSO-SVM算法虽耗时最短但准确率最低;最终,利用CLS-PSO-SVM算法设计的5种输出标签的准确率分别为93.4%、92.6%、89.3%、91.8%、94.3%,5种输出指标的综合准确率为81.1%。

基于分段单孔反演的隧址区多断层地应力分布特征

目前,针对具有多个原位地应力测试钻孔的隧址区初始地应力场反演,往往一次性将全部实测值用以计算值的回归反分析,没有考虑到隧道纵向长度远超其他方向且钻孔分布较远的特点,单个钻孔表征的临近区域地应力分布特征或反演精度被其余钻孔实测值“拉低”,导致整体反演结果容易陷入局部优解。依托拉林铁路桑珠岭隧道、叙毕铁路斑竹林隧道、沿江高速火山隧道、木寨岭公路隧道等工程,采用多元线性回归法结合最小二乘法寻优准则,分析了隧址区仅有单个钻孔反演精度较高的原因,提出了对具有多个钻孔的隧址区分段并分别进行单钻孔回归反演的新方法。在此基础上,重点讨论了木寨岭公路隧道断层破碎带区域地应力分布特征。结果表明:分段单孔反演较多孔反演进一步提高了反演精度;地应力的分布在断层前后呈现出先急剧增大后急剧减小的特征;除自重应力与埋深存在一定关联外,两项水平主应力随断层间距或厚度的增大突变性加剧;断层之间间距、断层倾角、断层厚度均是影响地应力方向偏转大小的重要因素,断层之间间距或断层倾角越小、断层越厚,地应力方向偏转越显著。