施肥方式对江苏春玉米产量和物质积累转运的影响

【目的】明确施肥方式对江苏春玉米产量与物质积累转运的影响,为区域春玉米的轻简施肥提供理论参考。【方法】以江苏省主推品种‘苏玉29’和‘苏玉30’为材料,采用缓释型复合肥一次性施用(SF)和常规施肥(基施复合肥+拔节期追施尿素)(CF)两种施肥方式,比较N、P2O5、K2O施用量分别为405、135、135kg/hm^2时,玉米籽粒产量、干物质与氮素积累与转运以及氮素利用率的差异。【结果】施肥显著增加籽粒产量,与CF相比,SF施肥方式下‘苏玉29’和‘苏玉30’分别增产24.7%和17.8%。施肥显著增加不同时期干物质与氮素积累量,且增幅以SF施肥方式较大。与CF施肥方式相比,SF施肥方式下‘苏玉29’吐丝期、成熟期和吐丝至成熟期干物质积累量分别增加了9.1%、14.7%和10.4%,‘苏玉30’分别增加了9.8%、21.1%和26.2%,‘苏玉29’氮素积累量分别增加了3.8%、13.3%和33.3%,‘苏玉30’分别增加了14.5%、19.2%和30.1%。与CF施肥方式相比,SF施肥方式下玉米吐丝期具有较大的叶面积指数,‘苏玉29’和‘苏玉30’分别高出7.6%和9.6%,但粒叶比在两种施肥方式下无显著差异。SF施肥方式下‘苏玉29’的营养器官干物质转运量为2256.0kg/hm^2,高于CF施肥方式下的1832.3kg/hm^2,而‘苏玉30’为1254.8kg/hm^2,低于CF施肥方式的1462.3kg/hm^2;SF施肥方式下‘苏玉29’和‘苏玉30’氮素转运量分别比CF施肥方式下高8.6%和16.9%。氮肥利用率、氮素农学效率和氮素偏生产力SF施肥方式大于CF施肥方式。【结论】江苏省春玉米高产施肥水平下,与常规施肥方式(基施复合肥+拔节期追施尿素)相比,播种时一次施用等量缓释型复合肥有利于增加籽粒产量,提高氮素利用率和节省人工。

Differences of yield and nitrogen use efficiency under different applications of slow release fertilizer in spring maize

Excessive or insufficient application of fertilizer has raised broader concerns regarding soil and environmental degradation.One-time application of slow release fertilizer (SF) has been widely used to reduce yield gap with potential maize yield and improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE).A 2-year field experiment (2018–2019) was conducted to evaluate the effects of SF rates from 0 to 405 kg N ha^(–1) (named F0,SF225,SF270,SF315,SF360,and SF405) and 405 kg N ha^(–1) of common fertilizer(CF405) on the grain yield,biomass and N accumulation,enzymatic activities related with carbon–nitrogen metabolism,NUE and economic analysis.Results indicated that the highest grain yields,NUEs and economic returns were achieved at SF360in both varieties.The enzymatic activities related with carbon–nitrogen metabolism,pre-and post-silking accumulation of biomass and N increased with increasing SF rate,and they were the highest at SF360 and SF405.The grain yield at SF360had no significant difference with that at SF405.However,the N partial factor productivity,N agronomic efficiency and N recovery efficiency at SF360 were 9.8,6.6 and 8.9% higher than that at SF405.The results also indicated that the average grain yields,NUE and economic benefit at SF405 were 5.2,12.3 and 18.1% higher than that at CF405.In conclusion,decreasing N rate from 405 kg ha^(–1)(CF) to 360 kg ha^(–1)(SF) could effectively reduce the yield gap between realized and potential maize yields.The N decreased by 11.1%,but the yield,NUE and economic benefit increased by 3.2,22.2 and 17.5%,which created a simple,efficient and business-friendly system for spring maize production in Jiangsu Province,China.