冬春季低温高湿条件易引发贵州红心猕猴桃溃疡病

以红心猕猴桃品种"红阳"为试验材料,2013-2018年每年3-4月在贵州红心猕猴桃主要种植区15个基地对溃疡病进行监测,并统计各基地同期气象要素,采用叠加方法和剔除方法,分析冬季-翌年春季低温高湿的具体指标及其持续时间,结合溃疡病发生地、发生时间及发病率,探讨溃疡病与低温高湿及其持续时间的定量关系,确定红心猕猴桃溃疡病发生的冬季-翌年春季低温高湿及持续时间指标阈值。结果表明:贵州红心猕猴桃溃疡病发生、流行的主要时期为3月。在冬季,连续5d及以上日平均气温≤2℃、日最低气温≤-2℃、日平均相对湿度≥75%的低温高湿气象条件,有利于溃疡病病菌在树体内生存。在春季,连续5d及以上日平均气温≤18℃、日平均相对湿度≥80%的低温高湿气象条件易诱发溃疡病发生、流行。利用未发生溃疡病的猴场等11个基地2013-2018年每年12月-翌年4月气象要素对上述低温高湿条件进行验证,结果表明,猴场等11个基地冬-春季的温、湿条件均不能满足溃疡病所需的低温高湿气象条件。建议以此低温高湿气象条件作为红心猕猴桃溃疡病防御的预警指标,积极组织预防,以提高防治效果。

低温天气过程对贵州西部红心猕猴桃坐果率的影响调查

2020年4月上旬贵州西部出现了较长时间的低温天气过程,导致正处于开花坐果期的红心猕猴桃大量落花落果。鉴于此,于4月10-17日对贵州西部红心猕猴桃主要种植区发耳等19个基地红心猕猴桃坐果率进行调查,并结合各基地4月3-9日逐日平均气温、逐日最低气温资料,分析低温天气过程对贵州西部红心猕猴桃开花坐果的影响,找出影响红心猕猴桃落花落果的低温条件,以期为贵州红心猕猴桃在开花授粉坐果期中防御和减轻低温灾害影响、采取合理应对措施提供科学依据。结果表明:4月3-8日的低温天气,造成正处开花授粉受精坐果的红心猕猴桃严重落花落果,以顺场、新窑、普古基地红心猕猴桃落花落果率最高,达到70%,其次为勺米基地的64.5%和猴场基地的63.3%;以木岗基地红心猕猴桃落花落果率最低,为10%,其次为大用基地的29.5%。初花时间早、花期和授粉期长的品种,其落花落果率偏高,红阳品种落花落果率比东红品种偏高。在红心猕猴桃果树开花授粉坐果期间,连续3d及以上日平均气温低于12℃、日最低气温低于10℃,或连续5d及以上日平均气温低于15℃、日最低气温低于13℃,将造成红心猕猴桃果树落花落果。生产上,可以通过喷施防冻剂、熏烟等措施预防低温冷害,减轻低温天气对红心猕猴桃果树开花授粉坐果的影响。

Meticulous Regionalization of Climate Suitability about Spring Potato Planting in Western Guizhou Based on GIS

[Objective] The study aimed to carry out the regionalization of climate suitability about spring potato planting in Western Guizhou on the basis of GIS technology. [Method] Based on the climatic data of 15 meteorological stations in Western Guizhou during the growing period of spring potato from March to August in 1978-2010, the regionalization indicators of climate suitability about spring potato planting were determined according to the correlation between climatic factors and meteorological yield of spring potato. Afterwards, on the basis of climitic data and corresponding basic geographical information like longitude, latitude, altitude, slope and aspect, the spatial analysis models of division indicators about spring potato planting in Western Guizhou were established by using GIS spatial overlay analysis and used to carry out the township-level regionalization of climate suitability about spring potato planting in Western Guizhou with 100 m×100 m grids. [Result] Based on the relationship between meteorological yield of spring potato and climatic factors in Western Guizhou from 1978 to 2010, eight climatic division indicators, including altitude, average temperature,>10 ℃ active accumulated temperature, precipitation and sunshine hours in the growth stage, average temperature in July, average temperature difference between day and night from July to August, and precipitation from May to July, were chosen for spring potato planting, and each indicator had three levels, namely the most suitable, suitable and sub-suitable. Meanwhile, Western Guizhou was grouped into three areas according to these indicators, including the most suitable area, suitable area and sub-suitable area, and their area accounted for 52%, 45% and 3% of total area of the whole province respectively. [Conclusion] The research could provide scientific references for the production layout and species selection of spring potato in Western Guizhou.

2019年春季气象干旱灾害对特色作物的影响

2019年4月中旬至5月下旬,贵州西部地区出现较重的气象干旱灾害天气,对特色作物生长发育影响较大。为了全面分析此次气象干旱灾害对猕猴桃、刺梨、茶叶、蔬菜等特色作物生产造成的影响,利用贵州西部219个区域自动气象站的日平均气温、降水量以及水城、盘州、六枝3个国家气象观测站日平均气温、降水量、蒸发量等资料,选用积温干燥度指数作为气象干旱指标,分析气象干旱灾害对特色作物的影响。结果表明,2019年4月中旬至5月下旬贵州西部各乡镇累积降水量大多在25~100 mm之间,较常年同期偏少40%~85%,且降水空间分布不均;各乡镇平均气温大多在17~21℃之间,较常年同期偏高0.5~4.5℃,且以六枝牂牁镇25.0℃为最高。盘州降水量比常年同期偏少85%,其积温干燥度指数高达9.032℃·d/mm;水城降水量比常年同期偏少70%,其积温干燥度指数为4.493℃·d/mm;六枝降水量比常年同期偏少69%,其积温干燥度指数为3.477℃·d/mm。盘州干旱最重,其次是水城,再次是六枝。积温干燥度指数真实体现了贵州西部2019年春季气象干旱程度。