The Genesis Mechanism of the Mantle Fluid Action and Evolution in the Ore-Forming Process: A Case Study of the Laowangzhai Gold Deposit in Yunnan, China

Based on petrological studies of the wall rocks, mineralizing rocks, ores and veins from the Laowangzhai gold deposit, it is discovered that along with the development of silication, carbonation and sulfidation, a kind of black opaque ultra-microlite material runs through the spaces between grains, fissures and cleavages. Under observations of the electron microprobe, scanning electronic microscopy and energy spectrum, this kind of ultra-microlite material is confirmed to consist of ultra microcrystalline quartz, silicate, sulfides and carbonates, as well as rutile, scheelite and specularite （magnetite）, showing characters of liquation by the analyses of SEM and energy spectrum. The coexistence of immiscibility and precipitating co-crystallization strongly suggests that the mineralizing fluid changed from the melt to the hydrothermal fluid. Combined with the element geochemical researches, it is realized that the ultra-microlite aggregate is the direct relics of the mantle fluid behaving like a melt and supercritical fluid, which goes along with the mantle-derived magma and will escape from the magma body at a proper time. During the alteration process, the nature of the mantle fluid changed and it is mixed with the crustal fluid, which are favorable for mineralization in the Loawangzhai gold deposit.

The petrographical and isotope geochemical tracers for deep ore-forming fluids from the Laowangzhai gold depoist in the northern part of the Ailao Mountains

Based on the petrological studies of wall rocks, mineralized rocks, ores and veins from the Laowangzhai gold deposit, it is discovered that with the development of silification, carbonation and sulfidation, a kind of black opaque ultracrystalline material runs through the space between grains and amphibole cleavages, which is the product of fast condensing consolidation with magma mantle fluids turning into hydrothermal crustal fluids in the process of mineralization and alteration. It is thought that the water in ore-forming fluids mainly derived from magmatic water through research on H-O isotopes, and C as well as S isotopic compositions, has clear mantle-derived characteristics, and rock (mine) stones contain high 87Sr/86 Sr ratios, low 143Nd/144 Nd ratios and high 206Pb/204 Pb ratios, which also reflects the ore-forming fluids were derived from the metasomatically enriched mantle. In combination with the features of H-O-C-S isotopes and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes described above, the ore-forming fluids of the Laowangzhai gold deposit in the northern part of the Ailao Mountains were derived mainly from the deep interior of the mantle, and their properties were transformed from magma fluids to hydrothermal fluids in the course of metasomatism and alteration, which initiated crust-mantle contamination simultaneously to be in favor of mineralization.

滇西剑川正长斑岩的岩浆作用过程——来自锆石U-Pb-Hf同位素和元素地球化学约束

剑川正长斑岩是滇西新生代富碱斑岩的典型代表;岩石中发育各类深浅不一的包体,暗示正长斑岩的形成和演化经历了复杂的壳幔混合作用。本次研究通过剑川正长斑岩的锆石地球化学方法确定锆石相对氧逸度和Ti温度,结合锆石U-Pb定年和Hf同位素,探讨滇西剑川新生代富碱岩浆演化与壳幔岩浆混合作用。研究表明:正长斑岩w(SiO_(2))为61.65%~63.03%,全碱质量分数为9.52%~10.38%,K_(2)O/Na2O比值介于1.62~1.68。纱帽山岩体(J1样品)的锆石U-Pb年龄为35.15±0.52 Ma,锆石Ti温度相对均一,为745~822℃;Ce^(4+)/Ce^(3+)比值为23~329(均值119),指示相对较低的氧逸度,并对应相对较高的εHf(t)值(-0.4~+1.5)。金华山岩体(J2样品)的锆石U-Pb年龄为35.90±0.20 Ma,锆石Ti温度更宽泛,为683~917℃;Ce^(4+)/Ce^(3+)比值为36~380(均值170),指示相对较高的氧逸度,同时对应相对较低的εHf(t)值(-3.7~+0.7)。随着岩浆的演化,J1和J2岩体都具备从高氧逸度向低氧逸度演化的趋势。综合认为:剑川地区经历了幔源岩浆脉动式上涌与底侵作用导致的壳幔岩浆混合作用,形成了相对高氧逸度的岩浆,随着低氧逸度幔源岩浆上升通量增大,壳源物质混染比例相对降低,岩浆氧逸度呈现降低的趋势。