为探明不同氮肥用量对冬油菜籽粒产量和品质的影响,于2019/2020以及2020/2021年在湖北省武穴市开展田间试验,试验设置0、90、180、270、360 kg N hm^(-2)5个氮肥施用水平。在成熟期测定油菜籽产量、氮含量和油菜籽品质指标。结果表明,...为探明不同氮肥用量对冬油菜籽粒产量和品质的影响,于2019/2020以及2020/2021年在湖北省武穴市开展田间试验,试验设置0、90、180、270、360 kg N hm^(-2)5个氮肥施用水平。在成熟期测定油菜籽产量、氮含量和油菜籽品质指标。结果表明,施氮显著提高冬油菜籽粒产量及氮含量,与不施氮相比,氮肥施用后平均增产1548 kg hm^(-2),平均增产率达32.9%,在施氮量为0~270 kg N hm^(-2)范围内,油菜籽产量随氮肥施用量显著增加,继续增施氮肥,油菜籽产量无明显变化或有下降趋势,施氮主要通过提高单株角果数来提高油菜籽粒产量。施氮显著增加了籽粒蛋白质含量,当施氮量达270 kg N hm^(-2)时籽粒氮含量和蛋白质含量最高。施氮显著降低籽粒含油量,氮肥用量每增加100 kg N hm^(-2),籽粒含油量下降1.6个百分点。随着氮肥用量的增加,籽粒硫甙、油酸、亚麻酸、芥酸以及饱和脂肪酸(棕榈酸和硬脂酸)呈升高趋势,亚油酸呈降低趋势,油菜籽粒品质整体呈降低趋势。综上所述,以追求高品质食用油为目标,同时兼顾油菜籽粒产量,氮肥适宜用量约为180kgNhm^(-2);以追求油菜籽粒产量并考虑油菜饼粕作饲料为目标时,氮肥适宜用量约为270 kg N hm^(-2)。展开更多
在轻简化施肥背景下,为减少渍害损失,解决长江流域冬油菜产区生产面临的重要问题,开展氮肥施用对油菜渍害的缓解作用研究。设置三因素田间试验,分别为不同氮肥用量(0、60、120、180、240和300 kg N/hm^2)、氮肥类型(油菜专用控释尿素和...在轻简化施肥背景下,为减少渍害损失,解决长江流域冬油菜产区生产面临的重要问题,开展氮肥施用对油菜渍害的缓解作用研究。设置三因素田间试验,分别为不同氮肥用量(0、60、120、180、240和300 kg N/hm^2)、氮肥类型(油菜专用控释尿素和普通尿素)和水分处理(苗期渍水和正常排水),测定各处理产量和氮肥农学利用率,明确苗期渍水对不同氮素供应水平油菜的影响,并比较油菜专用控释尿素一次性施用和普通尿素分次施用下油菜对苗期渍水的响应。结果表明,直播冬油菜产量随氮肥施用量增加而提高,至240 kg N/hm^2时不再增加。油菜专用控释尿素一次性施用,在氮肥用量为60~180 kg N/hm^2时产量高于普通尿素分次施用;在氮肥用量为240~300 kg N/hm^2时,两种氮肥类型产量基本相当。氮肥施用通过增加收获密度、单株角果数和每角粒数提高产量。苗期渍水导致直播冬油菜产量损失1.1%~41.9%,随氮肥用量增加,渍水引起的产量损失率呈先增加后降低趋势。0~60 kg N/hm^2处理时,渍水使收获密度显著降低(降幅达29.4%~45.0%),单株角果数增加;施氮量为120~180 kg N/hm^2时,渍水导致收获密度和单株角果数分别降低19.5%~33.7%和1.4%~17.7%;施氮高于180 kg N/hm^2时,收获密度和单株角果数降幅减小(降幅分别为5%~30.9%和3.6%~9.5%)。普通尿素分次施用和油菜专用控释尿素一次性施用,分别在施氮量为120和180 kg N/hm^2时产量损失率最高,分别达29.8%和41.9%。相同氮肥用量下油菜专用控释尿素一次性施用的产量损失率大于普通尿素分次施用。渍水显著降低氮肥农学利用率,降幅为8.4%~51.9%,施氮充足(240~300 kg N/hm^2)时氮肥农学利用率降幅低于氮素用量较低处理(120~180 kg N/hm^2),油菜专用控释尿素一次施用处理的农学利用率平均降幅(36.5%)高于普通尿素分次施用(17.3%)。综上可知,苗期渍水时,油菜专用控释尿素一次施用,会加重油菜受渍影响;土壤氮素供应能力较低时,渍害逆境解除后,适量追施速效氮肥可有效缓解产量损失,实现油菜稳产。展开更多
Direct-sowing establishment method has great significance in improving winter oilseed rape（Brassica napus L.） production and guaranteeing edible oil security in China. However, nutrient responses on direct sown wint...Direct-sowing establishment method has great significance in improving winter oilseed rape（Brassica napus L.） production and guaranteeing edible oil security in China. However, nutrient responses on direct sown winter oilseed rape（DOR） performance and population development dynamic are still not well understood. Therefore, five on-farm experiments were conducted in the reaches of the Yangtze River（RYR） to determine the effects of nitrogen（N）, phosphorus（P）, and potassium（K） deficiencies on population density, dry matter production, nutrient uptake, seed yield, and yield components of DOR plants. Four fertilization treatments included the balanced NPK application treatment（NPK, 180 kg N, 39.3 kg P, 100 kg K, and 1.8 kg borax ha–1） and three nutrient deficiency treatments based on the NPK treatment, i.e., –N, –P, and –K. The results indicated that DOR population density declined gradually throughout the growing season, especially at over-wintering and pod-development stages. Nutrient deficiency decreased nutrient concentration in DOR plants, limited dry matter production and nutrient uptake, and thereby exacerbated density reduction during plants growth. The poor individual growth and reduced population density together decreased seed yield in the nutrient deficiency treatment. Averaged across all the experiments, seed yield reduced 61% by N deficiency, 38.3% by P deficiency, and 14.4% by K deficiency. The negative effects of nutrient deficiency on DOR performances followed the order of –N–P–K, and the effects were various among different nutrient deficiencies. Although N deficiency improved DOR emergence, but it seriously limited dry matter production and nutrient uptake, which in turn led to substantial plants death and therefore resulted in a very low harvested density. The P deficiency significantly reduced initial density, limited plants growth, and exacerbated density reduction. The K deficiency mainly decreased individual growth and yield, but did not affect density dynamic. Our results highlighted the importance of balanced NPK application in DOR production, suggesting that management strategy of these nutrients should be comprehensively considered with an aim to build an appropriate population structure with balanced plant density and individual growth.展开更多
文摘为探明不同氮肥用量对冬油菜籽粒产量和品质的影响,于2019/2020以及2020/2021年在湖北省武穴市开展田间试验,试验设置0、90、180、270、360 kg N hm^(-2)5个氮肥施用水平。在成熟期测定油菜籽产量、氮含量和油菜籽品质指标。结果表明,施氮显著提高冬油菜籽粒产量及氮含量,与不施氮相比,氮肥施用后平均增产1548 kg hm^(-2),平均增产率达32.9%,在施氮量为0~270 kg N hm^(-2)范围内,油菜籽产量随氮肥施用量显著增加,继续增施氮肥,油菜籽产量无明显变化或有下降趋势,施氮主要通过提高单株角果数来提高油菜籽粒产量。施氮显著增加了籽粒蛋白质含量,当施氮量达270 kg N hm^(-2)时籽粒氮含量和蛋白质含量最高。施氮显著降低籽粒含油量,氮肥用量每增加100 kg N hm^(-2),籽粒含油量下降1.6个百分点。随着氮肥用量的增加,籽粒硫甙、油酸、亚麻酸、芥酸以及饱和脂肪酸(棕榈酸和硬脂酸)呈升高趋势,亚油酸呈降低趋势,油菜籽粒品质整体呈降低趋势。综上所述,以追求高品质食用油为目标,同时兼顾油菜籽粒产量,氮肥适宜用量约为180kgNhm^(-2);以追求油菜籽粒产量并考虑油菜饼粕作饲料为目标时,氮肥适宜用量约为270 kg N hm^(-2)。
文摘在轻简化施肥背景下,为减少渍害损失,解决长江流域冬油菜产区生产面临的重要问题,开展氮肥施用对油菜渍害的缓解作用研究。设置三因素田间试验,分别为不同氮肥用量(0、60、120、180、240和300 kg N/hm^2)、氮肥类型(油菜专用控释尿素和普通尿素)和水分处理(苗期渍水和正常排水),测定各处理产量和氮肥农学利用率,明确苗期渍水对不同氮素供应水平油菜的影响,并比较油菜专用控释尿素一次性施用和普通尿素分次施用下油菜对苗期渍水的响应。结果表明,直播冬油菜产量随氮肥施用量增加而提高,至240 kg N/hm^2时不再增加。油菜专用控释尿素一次性施用,在氮肥用量为60~180 kg N/hm^2时产量高于普通尿素分次施用;在氮肥用量为240~300 kg N/hm^2时,两种氮肥类型产量基本相当。氮肥施用通过增加收获密度、单株角果数和每角粒数提高产量。苗期渍水导致直播冬油菜产量损失1.1%~41.9%,随氮肥用量增加,渍水引起的产量损失率呈先增加后降低趋势。0~60 kg N/hm^2处理时,渍水使收获密度显著降低(降幅达29.4%~45.0%),单株角果数增加;施氮量为120~180 kg N/hm^2时,渍水导致收获密度和单株角果数分别降低19.5%~33.7%和1.4%~17.7%;施氮高于180 kg N/hm^2时,收获密度和单株角果数降幅减小(降幅分别为5%~30.9%和3.6%~9.5%)。普通尿素分次施用和油菜专用控释尿素一次性施用,分别在施氮量为120和180 kg N/hm^2时产量损失率最高,分别达29.8%和41.9%。相同氮肥用量下油菜专用控释尿素一次性施用的产量损失率大于普通尿素分次施用。渍水显著降低氮肥农学利用率,降幅为8.4%~51.9%,施氮充足(240~300 kg N/hm^2)时氮肥农学利用率降幅低于氮素用量较低处理(120~180 kg N/hm^2),油菜专用控释尿素一次施用处理的农学利用率平均降幅(36.5%)高于普通尿素分次施用(17.3%)。综上可知,苗期渍水时,油菜专用控释尿素一次施用,会加重油菜受渍影响;土壤氮素供应能力较低时,渍害逆境解除后,适量追施速效氮肥可有效缓解产量损失,实现油菜稳产。
基金supported by the National Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 11th Five-Year Plan period (2010BAD01B05)the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-13)+1 种基金the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University of China (IRT1247)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China (2013PY113)
文摘Direct-sowing establishment method has great significance in improving winter oilseed rape（Brassica napus L.） production and guaranteeing edible oil security in China. However, nutrient responses on direct sown winter oilseed rape（DOR） performance and population development dynamic are still not well understood. Therefore, five on-farm experiments were conducted in the reaches of the Yangtze River（RYR） to determine the effects of nitrogen（N）, phosphorus（P）, and potassium（K） deficiencies on population density, dry matter production, nutrient uptake, seed yield, and yield components of DOR plants. Four fertilization treatments included the balanced NPK application treatment（NPK, 180 kg N, 39.3 kg P, 100 kg K, and 1.8 kg borax ha–1） and three nutrient deficiency treatments based on the NPK treatment, i.e., –N, –P, and –K. The results indicated that DOR population density declined gradually throughout the growing season, especially at over-wintering and pod-development stages. Nutrient deficiency decreased nutrient concentration in DOR plants, limited dry matter production and nutrient uptake, and thereby exacerbated density reduction during plants growth. The poor individual growth and reduced population density together decreased seed yield in the nutrient deficiency treatment. Averaged across all the experiments, seed yield reduced 61% by N deficiency, 38.3% by P deficiency, and 14.4% by K deficiency. The negative effects of nutrient deficiency on DOR performances followed the order of –N–P–K, and the effects were various among different nutrient deficiencies. Although N deficiency improved DOR emergence, but it seriously limited dry matter production and nutrient uptake, which in turn led to substantial plants death and therefore resulted in a very low harvested density. The P deficiency significantly reduced initial density, limited plants growth, and exacerbated density reduction. The K deficiency mainly decreased individual growth and yield, but did not affect density dynamic. Our results highlighted the importance of balanced NPK application in DOR production, suggesting that management strategy of these nutrients should be comprehensively considered with an aim to build an appropriate population structure with balanced plant density and individual growth.
