不同状态高寒草甸土壤微生物分布及其变化

【目的】了解藏北高寒草甸不同退化阶段土壤微生物的变化特征。【方法】采用涂抹平板法对藏北南部不同状态高寒草甸(包括正常草地、轻度和严重退化草地)土壤微生物及其变化进行了研究。【结果】(1)不同退化程度高寒草甸中3种土壤微生物数量均表现出放线菌>细菌>真菌的特征,放线菌在3种微生物中占绝对优势;放线菌与细菌随着草地退化程度的加剧表现出先下降再上升的趋势,而真菌则随着草地的退化表现出先急剧上升又显著下降的趋势。(2)不同退化程度高寒草甸表层(0~10 cm)和亚表层(10~20 cm)土壤中微生物的分布各不相同,真菌在正常草甸和重度退化草甸中表现为表层小于亚表层,而在轻度退化草甸中却表现为表层大于亚表层的趋势;放线菌在正常草甸和轻度退化草甸中表现为表层大于亚表层,而在重度退化草甸中却表现为表层小于亚表层的趋势;细菌则均表现出表层大于亚表层的趋势。(3)不同退化程度高寒草甸表层和亚表层土壤中微生物的变化趋势亦不尽相同,土壤细菌在表层和亚表层均表现出随着土壤退化程度的逐步加深呈先减少再增加的变化趋势;真菌在表层表现出随着土壤退化程度的逐步加深呈先增加再减少的变化趋势,而在亚表层土壤中却表现为先下降再轻微上升的趋势;放线菌数量则表现为表层土壤中随草地退化程度的加剧逐步下降的趋势,亚表层土壤中却呈现先轻微下降又显著上升的变化趋势。【结论】放线菌为藏北高寒草甸土壤中的优势微生物种类,随着草地退化程度的加剧,藏北高寒草甸不同退化阶段土壤微生物的变化规律各不相同,不同微生物种类在表层和亚表层土壤中的分布规律亦不尽相同。

Conversion of Natural Ecosystems to Cropland Increases the Soil Net Nitrogen Mineralization and Nitrification in Tibet

A comparative study was conducted to determine the NH4+ and NO3- concentrations in soil profiles and to examine the net nitrogen (N) mineralization and nitrification in adjacent forest, grassland, and cropland soils on the Tibetan Plateau. Cropland soil showed significantly higher inorganic N concentrations in soil profiles compared with forest and grassland soils. NO3- -N accounted for 70%–90% of inorganic N in cropland soil, while NH4+ -N was the main form of inorganic N in forest and grassland soils. The average net N mineralization rate at 0–20 cm depth was approximately twice in cropland soil (1.48 mg kg-1 d-1) as high as in forest (0.83 mg kg-1 d-1) or grassland soil (0.72 mg kg-1 d-1). Cropland showed strong net nitrification, with the net rate almost equal to the total net N mineralization. Urea addition stimulated soil respiration, particularly in forest soil. Most urea-N, however, remained as NH4+ in forest and grassland soils, while NO3- was the main form of inorganic N to increase in cropland soil. Higher rates of net nitrification in cropland soils suggest that land use change on the Tibetan Plateau may lead to high N losses through nitrate leaching.