Power,Society,and Living Space: Evolution and Formation Mechanism of Urban Streets in China

Being one of the most important elements of urban public space, streets have contained rich social lives as well as the social and political connotations in Chinese cities with specific local characteristics, while most of them have been long neglected in the researches focusing on grand narratives and center-based perspectives. The paper retrospectively analyzes the evolution process of urban streets in China, dividing it into four critical periods. With the perspective of socio-spatial analysis, the unique formation mechanisms of Chinese urban streets are summarized in different contexts including power system, social domain, and living space, thus to provide references for the exploration of street development mode and revitalization mechanism facing the multiple challenges of globalization, modernity, as well as local social and cultural traditions.

Formation Mechanism of the Cluster Space of Wuhan Metropolitan Area amid Evolution of Power Relationship

With the urban regionalization and regional urbanization, the spatial structure of cluster appears in some metropolitan areas, among which Wuhan can be taken as a typical case. This paper analyzes the formation of Wuhan metropolitan cluster space from the perspective of power relationship. A "twin-city" approach is developed in the peripheral area of Wuhan caused by the game between local governments at different levels. With the equal development opportunities in all directions and the alliances between different district governments and capital, the balancedly embedded cluster space is formed in Wuhan metropolitan area. And if there are no huge internal and external changes, the cluster space in Wuhan will continue to develop.

Dihydroartemisinin increased the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila by YAP1 depression that sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy

The effect of anti-programmed cell death 1(anti-PD-1)immunotherapy is limited in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Yes-associated protein 1(YAP1)expression increased in liver tumor cells in early HCC,and Akkermansia muciniphila abundance decreased in the colon.The response to anti-PD-1 treatment is associated with A.muciniphila abundance in many tumors.However,the interaction between A.muciniphila abundance and YAP1 expression remains unclear in HCC.Here,anti-PD-1 treatment decreased A.muciniphila abundance in the colon,but increased YAP1 expression in the tumor cells by mice with liver tumors in situ.Mechanistically,hepatocyte-specific Yap1 knockout(Yap1^(LKO))maintained bile acid homeostasis in the liver,resulting in an increased abundance of A.muciniphila in the colon.Yap1 knockout enhanced anti-PD-1 efficacy.Therefore,YAP1 inhibition is a potential target for increasing A.muciniphila abundance to promote anti-PD-1 efficacy in liver tumors.Dihydroartemisinin(DHA),acting as YAP1 inhibitor,increased A.muciniphila abundance to sensitize anti-PD-1 therapy.A.muciniphila by gavage increased the number and activation of CD8^(+)T cells in liver tumor niches during DHA treatment or combination with anti-PD-1.Our findings suggested that the combination anti-PD-1 with DHA is an effective strategy for liver tumor treatment.

Glossary

Editor’s Note:At the end of 2013,'China Dream' and 'Smog' were listed at the same time as two of the ten most popular Chinese words on the Internet in 2013. On the one hand,the two words are different from the others because they are both closely related to urban development; on the other hand,they are also quite different from each other,even opposite in the context of urbanization,because they have a positive and negative meaning respectively for urban development. Although the phenomenon of smog is not new in Beijing,it has become more and more serious since the beginning of the second decade of the 21st century,happening more and more frequently and impacting more and more regions. It was reported that,in 2013,there were in total four heavy smogs happening in China,which hit about 30 provinces including Beijing,and there were only fi ve non-smogy days in Beijing in that year. Although it cannot be asserted that the happening of smogs is a

Planning of Industrial Land for Green Belts in Chaoyang District of Beijing:Its Effects, Dilemmas, and Solutions

Beijing's green belt policy is three-fold:fi rstly to protect farmers' interests during urbanization, secondly to control the urban expansion, and thirdly to improve the ecological environment. The planning of industrial land for green belts has thus emerged as a way to help achieve these goals during Beijing's urban growth from morphological, social, and economic perspectives. First of all, this paper introduces the implementation mechanisms of the planning of industrial land for green belts, from which it abstracts a model of land adjustment and urban-rural cooperation. Secondly, the paper analyzes the effects and current dilemmas during the implementation of the planning of industrial land for green belts. Thirdly, results are compared with other spontaneously developed industries in the rural-urban fringe area to illustrate the changes brought about by the planning. Finally, the paper proposes three measures for future improvement, including balancing the industrial land use quotas between different townships, conducting cooperative land adjustment, and encouraging spontaneously developed industrial projects.

Constructing Human Settlements to Achieve Scientiic Development:Yunfu's Experiment

In the background of development mode transformation, the city of Yunfu has carried out the experiment of the Sciences of Human Settlements, which takes Scientific View of Development as the guiding ideology and the Sciences of Human Settlements as the theoretical basis. "Joint development of beautiful environment and harmonious society" is the epistemology and methodology of the experiment and its framework includes the vision of human settlements, major function enlargement of county region, construction guideline for integrated community, and action outline of joint development of beautiful environment and harmonious society. Through a series of actions, Yunfu has made remarkable achievements which include the improvement of human settlement quality in urban-rural areas, the promotion of socio-economic development, and the harmonious relationship between the Party and the people.

The Community Transformation and Residential Space Restructuring Strategies of Small Towns in the Pearl River Delta Region

After analyzing the current characteristics and problems of residential space in small towns in the Pearl River Delta Region(PRDR), combined with the New Urbanism theory and community construction methods, this paper puts forward a restructuring strategy of residential space, which includes the reorganization of residential space using the "community – residential quarter – neighborhood" model, the reform of the community management mode based on the "transformation from village council to resident committee," the restructuring of the multi-level community service system to meet the diversified social needs, and the construction of a mixed community addressing the issue of residential segregation and the aim to achieve community integration.

Exploration on Planning Methods for Rural Communities in the Local Economic and Institutional Contexts

This paper reviews the wave of rural community construction, compares the urban and rural areas on the aspects of land property right, financing channels, construction management procedures, and the user-builder difference, and examines the unique characteristics of rural communities. On the basis of that, it proposes some planning methods for the rural community planning and construction, such as encouraging public participation, conducting public facility-oriented planning, and providing house-design menu, and further puts forward some supporting measures and policies.

An Institutional Analysis on China's “Urban Disease”

This paper aims to clarify the institutional causes of China’s"urban disease"and propose solutions to counter it.The institutional causes summarized in the paper include the fiscal and taxation system,land system,planning system,the central-local relations,and so forth.By influencing the behavior of municipal governments,these factors not only produce excessive incentives for cities to pursue urban development,but also result in"urban disease"in Chinese cities.Based on such an analysis,this paper puts forward some thoughts and suggestions on gradual reforms in the future to help mitigate China’s"urban disease."

Glossary

Editor’s Note:Today,as the world is in the transition from an industrial civilization to an ecological civilization,we need to accordingly update our knowledge and concepts on socio-economic development,following the

Glossary

Editor’s Note: Since China became an urban society after its urbanization rate surpassed 50% in 2011, the Central Government of China has put forward the concept of New Urbanization Mode in order to deal with the problems emerging in the past decades along with the significant achievements of urban

Book Information

The Third Repor t on the Rural and Urban Spatial Development Planning Study for the Capital Region Authors: Liangyong WU et al.Year: 2013Publisher: Tsinghua University Press,Beijing ISBN: 978-7-302-34187-1(234 pages,in Chinese)The Rural and Urban Spatial Development Planning Study for the Capital Region(Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei) is one of the major research subjects of the 'Basic Theory and Typical Example of Sustainable Human Settlements of China,' a key project of the National Natural Science Foundation. Meanwhile,it is also funded respectively by the '985' Research Fund of Tsinghua University and the Main Discipline Group Construction Project of the Beijing Municipal Commission of Education.

Planning Coordination,Social Innovation,and System Reform:Annual Conference of China City Planning 2013 Successfully Held in Qingdao

More than 6,000 urban planners,urban administrative staff,professors,and college students from all over China,as well as representatives from international organizations such as UN-HABITAT and USEF,gathered in Qingdao from Nov.16 to 18 and attended the Annual Conference of China City Planning 2013.Relating to the conference theme of'Urban Age,Coordinated Planning,'they discussed and explored various significant issues of urbanization,coordination between urban planning and other planning,village development,urban planning informatization,etc.

News in Brief

Communique of the Third Plenary Session of 18th CPC Central Committee Released The Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC(Communist Party of China)Central Committee was held from Nov.9 to 12 in Beijing.The Political Bureau of the Central Committee presided over the session and General Secretary Jinping XI delivered an important speech.According to the Communique,a unified and open market system with orderly competition should be cultivated in China,so as to make the market play a decisive role in the allocation of resources.Efforts