Factors influencing the employed caregiver burden for patients with dementia residing in nursing homes:A cross-sectional study from China

Objective:The institutionalization of care for patients with dementia is becoming a trend.Understanding the burden on employed caregivers and exploring associated factors are of great importance in practice.Therefore,this study aimed to examine the relationship between basic attributes,caring ability,and caregiver burden in employed caregivers practicing in nursing homes.Methods:This cross-sectional study included 541 employed caregivers in 11 four-star nursing homes in Zhejiang Province from April to December 2022.Caregiver burden was assessed using the Zarit Burden Interview(ZBI).Demographic characteristics of participants,characteristics of the older patients with dementia,caring characteristics,training in dementia care,and caring abilities were collected for analysis of influencing factors.A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted to explore the factors influencing the burden on employed caregivers in nursing homes.Results:The ZBI score of employed caregivers in nursing homes was 40.42±10.18,representing a moderate caregiver burden.Factors such as age(U=27.82,P<0.001),residence(U=7.89,P<0.001),educational level(H=55.81,P<0.001),self-care of older patients with dementia(H=85.21,P<0.001),daily care hours(H=73.25,P<0.001),number of older people with dementia cared for(H=14.56,P<0.012)and training in dementia care(U=-9.43,P<0.001)were significantly associated with caregiver burden.Caring ability was negatively associated with caregiver burden(r=-0.22,P<0.01).Furthermore,after controlling for demographic characteristics,the characteristics of older people with dementia,caring characteristics,training in dementia care,and caring ability explained 8.5%,5.8%,and 4.8%of the caregiver burden,respectively.Conclusion:The burden of employed caregivers on patients with dementia in nursing homes can be attributed to various factors.We recommend tailored interventions,such as dementia care training and reviewing the number and duration of hours worked to reduce the burden experienced by caregivers.

Insight into the Alkali Resistance Mechanism of CoMnHPMo Catalyst for NH_(3) Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO

The existence of alkali metals in fl ue gases originating from stationary sources can result in catalyst deactivation in the low-temperature selective catalytic reduction(SCR)of nitrogen oxides(NO_(x)).It is widely accepted that alkali metal poisoning causes damage to the acidic sites of catalysts.Therefore,in this study,a series of CoMn catalysts doped with heteropolyacids(HPAs)were prepared using the coprecipitation method.Among these,CoMnHPMo exhibited superior catalytic performance for SCR and over 95%NO_(x) conversion at 150-300.Moreover,it exhibited excellent catalytic activity and stability after alkali poisoning,demonstrating outstanding alkali metal resistance.The characterization indicated that HPMo increased the specifi c surface area of the catalyst,which provided abundant adsorption sites for NO_(x) and NH_(3).Comparing catalysts before and after poisoning,CoMnHPMo enhanced its alkali metal resistance by sacrifi cing Brønsted acid sites to protect its Lewis acid sites.In situ DRIFTS was used to study the reaction pathways of the catalysts.The results showed that CoMnHPMo maintained high NH_(3) adsorption capacity after K poisoning and then reacted rapidly with NO intermediates to ensure that the active sites were not covered.Consequently,SCR performance was ensured even after alkali metal poisoning.In sum-mary,this research proposed a simple method for the design of an alkali-resistant NH_(3)-SCR catalyst with high activity at low temperatures.

Expert Consensus on Nutritional Support for Children with Congenital Heart Disease(2023 Edition)

The second edition of the expert consensus on pediatric nutrition was formed based on a global update of pedia-tric nutrition guidelines or consensus worldwide,the management of congenital heart disease,and the results of multi-center clinical nutrition research for congenital heart disease following thefirst Chinese consensus edition of 2016.The consensus was also shaped by the results of three discussion sessions and two questionnaires con-ducted by the 13-member collaboration group.This process was informed by both clinical guidelines and expert consensus.The quality of literature,both in English and Chinese,and the level of recommendations were evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development,and Evaluations(GRADE)system.

Exceptionally high genetic variance of the doubled haploid(DH)population of poplar

Doubled haploid(DH)plants have been widely used for breeding and biological research in crops.Pop ulus spp.have been used as model woody plant species for biological research.However,the induction of DH poplar plants is onerous,and limited biological or breeding work has been carried out on DH individuals or populations.In this study,we provide an effective protocol for poplar haploid induction based on an anther culture method.A total of 96 whole DH plant lines were obtained using an F1hybrid of Populus simonii×P.nigra as a donor tree.The phenotypes of the DH population showed exceptionally high variance when compared to those of half-sib progeny of the donor tree.Each DH line displayed distinct features compared to those of the other DH lines or the donor tree.Additionally,some excellent homozygous lines have the potential to be model plants in genetic and breeding studies.

Re-estimating the changes and ranges of forest biomass carbon in China during the past 40 years

Background: In recent decades the future of global forests has been a matter of increasing concern, particularly in relation to the threat of forest ecosystem responses under potential climate change. To the future predictions of these responses, the current forest biomass carbon storage(FCS) should first be clarified as much as possible,especially at national scales. However, few studies have introduced how to verify an FCS estimate by delimiting the reasonable ranges. This paper addresses an estimation of national FCS and its verification using two-step process to narrow the uncertainty. Our study focuses on a methodology for reducing the uncertainty resulted by converting from growing stock volume to above-and below-ground biomass(AB biomass), so as to eliminate the significant bias in national scale estimations.Methods: We recommend splitting the estimation into two parts, one part for stem and the other part for AB biomass to preclude possible significant bias. Our method estimates the stem biomass from volume and wood density(WD), and converts the AB biomass from stem biomass by using allometric relationships.Results: Based on the presented two-step process, the estimation of China’s FCS is performed as an example to explicate how to infer the ranges of national FCS. The experimental results demonstrate a national FCS estimation within the reasonable ranges(relative errors: + 4.46% and-4.44%), e.g., 5.6–6.1 PgC for China’s forest ecosystem at the beginning of the 2010 s. These ranges are less than 0.52 PgC for confirming each FCS estimate of different periods during the last 40 years. In addition, our results suggest the upper-limits by specifying a highly impractical value of WD(0.7 t·m-3) on the national scale. As a control reference, this value decides what estimate is impossible to achieve for the FCS estimates.Conclusions: Presented methodological analysis highlights the possibility to determine a range that the true value could be located in. The two-step process will help to verify national FCS and also to reduce uncertainty in related studies. While the true value of national FCS is immeasurable, our work should motivate future studies that explore new estimations to approach the true value by narrowing the uncertainty in FCS estimations on national and global scales.

MAGI1 inhibits migration and invasion via blocking MAPK/ERK signaling pathway in gastric cancer

Objective： To explore the association of membrane-associated guanylate kinase inverted 1（MAGI1） with gastric cancer（GC） and the related molecular mechanisms.Methods： The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction（RT-PCR） and immunohistochemistry（IHC）were utilized to measure the MAGI1 expression level in GC tissues. Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to ensure the MAGI1 expression in GC cell lines. Small hairpin RNA（sh RNA） was applied for knockdown of endogenous MAGI1 in GC cells. MTT assay and colony formation assay, scratch wounding migration assay and transwell chamber migration assay, as well as transwell chamber invasion assay were employed respectively to investigate the GC cell proliferation, migration and invasion in MAGI1-knockdown and control GC cells. The potential molecular mechanism mediated by MAGI1 was studied using Western blotting and RT- PCR.Results： RT-PCR and IHC verified MAGI1 was frequently expressed in matched adjacent noncancerous mucosa compared with GC tissues and the expression of MAGI1 was related to clinical pathological parameters. Functional assays indicated that MAGI1 knockdown significantly promoted GC cell migration and invasion. Further mechanism investigation demonstrated that one pathway of MAGI1 inhibiting migration and invasion was mainly by altering the expression of matrix metalloproteinases（MMPs） and epithelial-mesenchymal transition（EMT）-related molecules via inhibiting MAPK/ERK signaling pathway.Conclusions： MAGI1 was associated with GC clinical pathological parameters and acted as a tumor suppressor via inhibiting of MAPK/ERK signaling pathway in GC.

负载盐酸阿霉素的氯化壳聚糖-海藻酸微粒的制备及释药性能

采用均质乳化法制备了氯化壳聚糖-海藻酸微粒,以盐酸阿霉素为模型药物,分别以Ca^(2+),Zn^(2+)和Cu^(2+)3种金属阳离子为交联剂,探究了3种交联剂形成的微粒对药物装载能力及释放性能的影响。研究表明,负载有盐酸阿霉素的氯化壳聚糖-海藻酸钙、氯化壳聚糖-海藻酸锌、氯化壳聚糖-海藻酸铜3种微粒,其形貌圆整,大小均一,平均粒径分别为2.56μm,2.78μm和1.81μm,包封率分别为97.22%,98.01%和41.29%。在pH=6.8的PBS溶液中恒温恒速进行药物释放,3组微粒都具有明显的缓释特征,且金属阳离子的种类对包封率及缓释效果都具有显著性影响。研究表明,3种金属阳离子均可用作制备微粒的交联剂,考虑到毒性,以Ca^(2+)和Zn^(2+)为交联剂制得的微粒适宜作为药物微载体,可为盐酸阿霉素药物载体的设计提供良好的思路。

Effects of Cultivation Method on Seed Yield and Quality of Bitter Gourd

This experiment was carried out to study the possibility of producing germinating seeds of bitter gourd(Momordica charamtia L.)in the climatic conditions of Europe.Seeds of Indian cultivar‘Nana’were sown in the greenhouse and produced transplants were planted on the field.The plants were cultivated in the field in 2 ways:tied to the sticks or creeping on the ground.During the vegetation,the ripen fruits with seeds were collected 6 times,and after extracting,they were germinated in the laboratory following the routine ISTA rules.The best transplants of bitter gourd were received within one month from the seeds emerging 51.8%.The transplant of bitter gourd had average height of7 cm,3-4 leaves,out of which the biggest had the width of 5 cm.Such transplants would grow into fruiting plants.When growing bitter gourd for seeds,the earliest fruits were harvested from the plants tied to the sticks.Moreover,the best seeds were harvested from 2/3 of early fruits.For the purpose of seed production,it is recommended to keep only 3-4 fruits per plant and remove other fruits.The produced seeds germinated from 8%to 24%.If the plants were tied to the sticks,their fruits ripened earlier.The used production way and time of harvest of fruits had no effect on the seed germination.The cultivation methods of bitter gourd plants had no effect on the chemical components of fruits.

Qu-2,a robust poplar suspension cell line for molecular biology

Populus spp.have long been used as model woody plant species for molecular biology research.However,tissues of poplar are often recalcitrant to experimental procedures for molecular studies.We generated a hormone autotrophic poplar suspension cell line from a hybrid of Populus alba×P.berolinensis‘Yinzhong’,named Qu-2.Qu-2 cells are suitable as a model biological system for studying woody plants.Qu-2 cells have many advantages over suspension cell lines derived so far from any other woody plants.Qu-2 cells are very easy to cultivate and can grow on several common plant culture media without the addition of any plant hormone.They show exceptionally high growth rates,reaching an approximately 150-fold increase in biomass after one week of culturing.Another important unique characteristic of Qu-2 cells is that they can be cryopreserved and readily reactivated.Qu-2 cells are suitable for molecular manipulations such as protoplast production,transient transformation,and RNA-seq analysis.Therefore,Qu-2 cells have the great potential to be an excellent model cell line in tree molecular biological research,ranging from physiology to gene function.The Qu-2 cells will be made available to the plant community for research.

Promotional mechanism of activity of CeEuMnO_(x) ternary oxide for low temperature SCR of NO_(x)

Due to strong synergistic effect of the elements,a series of XEuMnO_(x) ternary oxides(X=Ce,Ni,Co,Sb,Sn,Mo) were synthesized by one-pot co-precipitation method,and composite components were identified and optimized to maintain high activity and superior SO_(2)and H_(2)O endurance in selective catalytic reduction of NO_(x)with NH_(3)(NH_(3)-SCR).NO_(x)conversion of CeEuMnO_(x) ternary oxide catalysts attains more than 90% at 100-250℃,and finally achieves 74%under existence of 50×10^(-6)SO_(2) and 10 vol% H_(2)O at 230℃.The facile electron transfer through redox cycle of Mn^(3+)+Ce^(4+)■Mn4++Ce^(3+) and enhanced oxygen mobility can promote formation of more Mn species in high oxidation state and chemisorbed oxygen,accelerating oxidation of NO and the adsorbed NO_(2) formed can facilitate"fast SCR"reaction to improve low-temperature activity.In situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy(DRIFTS)study reveals that addition of Ce to EuMnO_(x)catalyst boosts adsorption of NH_(3)and NO_(x)species.NH_(3)species are activated as crucial intermediate(NH_(2))to promote NH_(3)-SCR reaction.This research provides a novel material for practical deNO_(x)application of stationary source combustion flue gas in the future.

Current immune therapeutic strategies in advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer

Immune escape mechanisms in non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)can disrupt every step of the anti-cancer immune response.In recent years,an increased understanding of the specific mechanisms fueling immune escape has allowed for the development of numerous immunotherapeutic treatments that have been introduced into the clinical practice.The advent of immunotherapy has dramatically changed the current treatment landscape of advanced or metastatic NSCLC because of its durable efficacy and manageable toxicity.In this review,we will first present a brief overview of recent evidence on immune escape mechanisms in NSCLC.We will then discuss the current promising immunotherapeutic strategies in advanced or metastatic NSCLC tumors.

Immobilization and characterization of the Lactarius deliciosus mycelia-embedded polylysine-alginate beads and their decolorization performance

Liquid fermented fungal mycelia with decolorization capability have potential applications in scale-up. In this work, the Lactarius deliciosus mycelia were immobilized on ε-polylysine-alginate beads, and the decolorization effects of ε-polylysine-alginate beads were demonstrated along with Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 as a model dye. Morphology observation confirmed the beads had an exterior film and interior capsule with honeycomb microstructures suitable for mycelia growth. It was manifested that the maximum decolorization efficiency for mycelia was 98.5% at a removal rate of 0.68 mg·L^(-1)·h after 3 days. In comparison, the decolorization efficiency of the immobilized mycelia reached the maximum value of 97.3% at a removal rate of 6.1 mg·L^(-1)·h after 8 h. The enzyme activities of lignin peroxidase and laccase tested in the immobilized mycelia were significantly higher than in that of the free ones, such as the lignin peroxidase had the highest enzyme activity of 77.6 ± 7.4 U·L^(-1) in the former, while of 27.4 ± 8.7 U·L^(-1) in the latter. The immobilization of L. deliciosus mycelia could improve the decolorization of Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 efficiently. The prepared ε-polylysine-alginate beads embedded with L. deliciosus mycelia have very good reusability and a great potential in decolorizing analog dyes.

Development of a monitoring system for Huangjiu storage based on electrical conductivity

In order to quickly detect the rancidification of Huangjiu in pottery jars,this study developed a fast detection method based on the principle of electrical conductivity changes caused by microbial contamination.The change in total acid in Huangjiu was positively correlated with the increase of electrical conductivity.This method was applied to an online monitoring system for Huangjiu storage in stainless steel tanks.When the electrical conductivity exceeds the normal fluctuation range(mean+3 standard deviations)of previous data,the monitoring system recognizes microbial contamination.By optimizing the conductivity-temperature compensation coefficient and conductivity statistical method,the standard deviation of the method was reduced and the sensitivity of microbial pollution monitoring was improved.The ranges of conductivity and compensation coefficient of common types of Huangjiu were estimated.Interference in conductivity measurements due to environmental factors was minimised through the synchronous comparison of conductivity data for multiple tanks of Huangjiu.The standard deviation,which indicates the fluctuation range of the system,decreased from 143 to 2μS/cm.The monitoring system was then applied in Huangjiu storage tanks with capacities of 60 t and 300 t.Through the comparison of conductivity data change,the abnormal signals caused by microbial contamination during the storage of Huangjiu were found over time.Meanwhile,through offline detection of total acid in Huangjiu,the effectiveness of microbial contamination online detection was verified.

整合照护对阿尔茨海默病患者长期管理的效果评价

目的探讨整合照护在阿尔茨海默病患者长期管理中的应用效果。方法对2016年3月—2018年3月入住杭州市福利中心的88例阿尔茨海默病患者,给予整合照护方法进行干预,主要包括照护人员课程培训、个案管理、环境布置、团体活动等。使用日常生活活动问卷(Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire,ADLQ)、Zarit照顾负担量表(Zarit Burden Interview,ZBI)和生存质量量表(Quality of Life,QOL),测量并比较干预前、干预3个月后以及6个月后的变化。结果干预3个月和6个月后,患者的ADLQ评分、QOL评分较干预前明显提高,同时患者ZBI评分较干预前明显减轻,差异具有统计学意义(ADLQ:49.32±10.99比52.74±9.31,QOL:16.73±6.16比30.18±4.61,ZBI:31.64±14.73比20.13±11.61;P<0.05)。结论整合照护可用于改善阿尔茨海默病患者的日常生活能力和生活质量,减轻照护人员负担,提高对阿尔茨海默病患者的护理水平。

污泥中重金属处理方法

污泥特别是燃煤电厂脱硫废水污泥中的重金属严重超标,属于危险固体废物。据统计,我国市政污泥年产量已经突破5000万吨,脱硫废水污泥每年产量更是高达9000万吨,如果不进行妥当的重金属处置,会造成严重的二次污染和环境健康风险。本文介绍了污泥处理的国内外现状和污泥重金属的测定及评价方法,并从原理、反应装置、研究进展和热点等方面详细总结了化学法、电动法、生物法、热处理法和稳定化法的优缺点,阐明了各种方法中的现存问题和发展前景,最后对多方法联合方案提出了前景展望。

教学视频中前嵌问题与反馈对学习的影响研究

采用眼动实验方法考察教学视频中前嵌问题与反馈设计对注意分配和学习成绩的影响,以及是否存在经验反转效应。49名高先前知识经验学习者与45名低先前知识经验学习者同时学习了含有无前嵌问题、前嵌问题无反馈与前嵌问题有反馈的教学视频。研究发现,前嵌问题无反馈不仅能提高学习者对教学内容的注意程度,还能提高学习成绩。此外,教学视频中前嵌问题与无反馈设计对学习成绩的影响中发生了经验反转效应,即前嵌问题无反馈的教学视频只提高了低知识经验学习者的学习成绩,但没有提高高知识经验学习者的学习成绩。研究发现为教学视频的设计策略提供了有益的参考。

金属有机骨架材料在氨低温催化还原氮氧化物反应中的应用

氮氧化物(NOx)是造成大气污染的主要污染物之一,工业窑炉和燃煤电厂等固定源以及以机动车为代表的移动源所排放的氮氧化物对生态环境造成了一系列的危害。为此控制并降低NOx排放是当前十分艰巨的任务。金属有机骨架材料(MOFs)这种新型的多孔聚合材料由于其多活性位点、高比表面积、结构可修饰、易于功能化而表现出突出的多相催化性能近年来在低温工业脱硝领域逐渐受到关注。本文总结了MOFs材料在氨低温催化还原氮氧化物反应中的应用进展,重点阐述了单金属和双金属的MOFs材料的应用以及MOFs衍生物催化剂的研究。最后对MOFs在低温脱硝领域中目前存在的问题并对其发展方向和前景进行了展望。

The first all-season sample set for mapping global land cover with Landsat-8 data

We report the world's first all-season training and validation sample sets for global land cover classification with Landsat-8 data.Prior to this,such samples were only available at a single date primarily from the growing season.It is unknown how much limitation such a single-date sample has to mapping global land cover in other seasons of the year.To answer this question,we selected available Landsat-8 images from four seasons and collected training and validation samples from them.We compared the performances of training samples in different seasons using Random Forest algorithm.We found that the use of training samples from any individual season would result in the best overall classification accuracy when validated by samples in the same season.The global overall accuracy from combined best seasonal results was 67.2% when classifying the 11 Level-1 classes in the Finer Resolution Observation and Monitoring of Global Land Cover(FROM-GLC) classification system.The use of training samples from all seasons(named all-season training sample set hereafter) produced an overall accuracy of 67.0%.We also tested classification within 10° latitude 60° longitude zones using all-season training subsample within each zone and obtained an overall accuracy of 70.2%.This indicates that properly grouped subsamples in space can help improve classification accuracies.All the results in this study seem to suggest that it is possible to use an all-season training sample set to reach global optimality with universal applicability in classifying images acquired at any time of a year for global land cover mapping.

Deep 3D reconstruction:methods,data,and challenges

Three-dimensional(3D)reconstruction of shapes is an important research topic in the fields of computer vision,computer graphics,pattern recognition,and virtual reality.Existing 3D reconstruction methods usually suffer from two bottlenecks:(1)they involve multiple manually designed states which can lead to cumulative errors,but can hardly learn semantic features of 3D shapes automatically;(2)they depend heavily on the content and quality of images,as well as precisely calibrated cameras.As a result,it is difficult to improve the reconstruction accuracy of those methods.3D reconstruction methods based on deep learning overcome both of these bottlenecks by automatically learning semantic features of 3D shapes from low-quality images using deep networks.However,while these methods have various architectures,in-depth analysis and comparisons of them are unavailable so far.We present a comprehensive survey of 3D reconstruction methods based on deep learning.First,based on different deep learning model architectures,we divide 3D reconstruction methods based on deep learning into four types,recurrent neural network,deep autoencoder,generative adversarial network,and convolutional neural network based methods,and analyze the corresponding methodologies carefully.Second,we investigate four representative databases that are commonly used by the above methods in detail.Third,we give a comprehensive comparison of 3D reconstruction methods based on deep learning,which consists of the results of different methods with respect to the same database,the results of each method with respect to different databases,and the robustness of each method with respect to the number of views.Finally,we discuss future development of 3D reconstruction methods based on deep learning.