This study investigates gender income disparity in Portuguese firms using separate Tobit models for men and women. While job segregation seems to be one of the major sources of gender disparity, women do not appear to...This study investigates gender income disparity in Portuguese firms using separate Tobit models for men and women. While job segregation seems to be one of the major sources of gender disparity, women do not appear to be systematically underpaid in predominantly female occupations, regardless of the industry. The authors found that gender pay gap is larger in domestic firms, and it increases with employees＇ accumulated tenure and decreases with advanced education for women and on labor market entry. Despite showing some encouraging cracks, the glass ceiling still continues to prevent women from reaching top management positions. Finally, despite it appears wage disparity does exist, and it will probably continue to exist, the results point towards a window of opportunity for women.展开更多
Two prime issues can detrimentally affect animals that have been equipped with tags:(i)the effect of the cap-ture and restraint process;and(ii)the effect of the tag itself.This work examines some of the issues surroun...Two prime issues can detrimentally affect animals that have been equipped with tags:(i)the effect of the cap-ture and restraint process;and(ii)the effect of the tag itself.This work examines some of the issues surround-ing quantification of tag effects on wild animals for both restrained and free-living animals.A new method to quantify stress effects based on monitoring ventilation rates in relation to activity is suggested for restrained an-imals which may help improve the practice of handling animals.It is also suggested that various metrics,many derived from accelerometers,can be examined in tagged wild animals to examine the change in behaviors over time with a view to having a better understanding of welfare issues,assuring the quality of recorded data and in-forming best practice.展开更多
文摘This study investigates gender income disparity in Portuguese firms using separate Tobit models for men and women. While job segregation seems to be one of the major sources of gender disparity, women do not appear to be systematically underpaid in predominantly female occupations, regardless of the industry. The authors found that gender pay gap is larger in domestic firms, and it increases with employees＇ accumulated tenure and decreases with advanced education for women and on labor market entry. Despite showing some encouraging cracks, the glass ceiling still continues to prevent women from reaching top management positions. Finally, despite it appears wage disparity does exist, and it will probably continue to exist, the results point towards a window of opportunity for women.
文摘Two prime issues can detrimentally affect animals that have been equipped with tags:(i)the effect of the cap-ture and restraint process;and(ii)the effect of the tag itself.This work examines some of the issues surround-ing quantification of tag effects on wild animals for both restrained and free-living animals.A new method to quantify stress effects based on monitoring ventilation rates in relation to activity is suggested for restrained an-imals which may help improve the practice of handling animals.It is also suggested that various metrics,many derived from accelerometers,can be examined in tagged wild animals to examine the change in behaviors over time with a view to having a better understanding of welfare issues,assuring the quality of recorded data and in-forming best practice.
