The clinical spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus （HIV） infection associated disease has changed significantly over the past decade, mainly due to the wide availability and improvement of combination antiretrovi...The clinical spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus （HIV） infection associated disease has changed significantly over the past decade, mainly due to the wide availability and improvement of combination antiretroviral therapy regiments. Serious complications associated with profound immunodeficiency are nowa-days fortunately rare in patients with adequate access to care and treatment. However, HIV infected patients, and particularly those with acquired immune defciency syndrome, are predisposed to a host of different water, electrolyte, and acid-base disorders （sometimes with opposite characteristics）, since they have a modified renal physiology （reduced free water clearance, and relatively increased fractional excretion of calcium and magnesium） and they are also exposed to infectious, inflammatory, endocrinological, oncological variables which promote clinical conditions （such as fever,tachypnea, vomiting, diarrhea, polyuria, and delirium）, and may require a variety of medical interventions （antiviral medication, antibiotics, antineoplastic agents）, whose combination predispose them to undermine their homeostatic capability. As many of these disturbances may remain clinically silent until reaching an advanced condition, high awareness is advisable, particularly in patients with late diagnosis, concomitant inflammatory conditions and opportunistic diseases. These disorders contribute to both morbidity and mortality in HIV infected patients.展开更多
Nephroprevention strategies are crucial for handling chronic kidney disease(CKD) complications, and slowing its progression. However, these preventative measures should be guided by major geriatrics principles in orde...Nephroprevention strategies are crucial for handling chronic kidney disease(CKD) complications, and slowing its progression. However, these preventative measures should be guided by major geriatrics principles in order to help nephrologists to adequately handle the oldest old with CKD. These geriatric concepts consist of taking into account the relevance of choosing an individualized therapy, handling clinical frailty, and keeping a geriatric perspective which means that a good quality of life is sometimes a more important therapeutic objective inoctogenarians than merely prolonging life. Even though nephroprevention strategies for treating the oldest old with CKD are basically similar to those applied to younger patients such as low sodium and protein diet, optimized hemoglobin levels, blood pressure and metabolic control, the treating physician or care provider must at all times be ready to make fundamental adjustments and tweak patient care paradigms and objectives if and when the initial therapeutic options applied have caused unintended clinical consequences and complications. Additionally, the sarcopenia status should also be evaluated and treated in very old CKD patients.展开更多
文摘The clinical spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus （HIV） infection associated disease has changed significantly over the past decade, mainly due to the wide availability and improvement of combination antiretroviral therapy regiments. Serious complications associated with profound immunodeficiency are nowa-days fortunately rare in patients with adequate access to care and treatment. However, HIV infected patients, and particularly those with acquired immune defciency syndrome, are predisposed to a host of different water, electrolyte, and acid-base disorders （sometimes with opposite characteristics）, since they have a modified renal physiology （reduced free water clearance, and relatively increased fractional excretion of calcium and magnesium） and they are also exposed to infectious, inflammatory, endocrinological, oncological variables which promote clinical conditions （such as fever,tachypnea, vomiting, diarrhea, polyuria, and delirium）, and may require a variety of medical interventions （antiviral medication, antibiotics, antineoplastic agents）, whose combination predispose them to undermine their homeostatic capability. As many of these disturbances may remain clinically silent until reaching an advanced condition, high awareness is advisable, particularly in patients with late diagnosis, concomitant inflammatory conditions and opportunistic diseases. These disorders contribute to both morbidity and mortality in HIV infected patients.
文摘Nephroprevention strategies are crucial for handling chronic kidney disease(CKD) complications, and slowing its progression. However, these preventative measures should be guided by major geriatrics principles in order to help nephrologists to adequately handle the oldest old with CKD. These geriatric concepts consist of taking into account the relevance of choosing an individualized therapy, handling clinical frailty, and keeping a geriatric perspective which means that a good quality of life is sometimes a more important therapeutic objective inoctogenarians than merely prolonging life. Even though nephroprevention strategies for treating the oldest old with CKD are basically similar to those applied to younger patients such as low sodium and protein diet, optimized hemoglobin levels, blood pressure and metabolic control, the treating physician or care provider must at all times be ready to make fundamental adjustments and tweak patient care paradigms and objectives if and when the initial therapeutic options applied have caused unintended clinical consequences and complications. Additionally, the sarcopenia status should also be evaluated and treated in very old CKD patients.
