央行“降准”能释放流动性吗——现代货币理论的观点

现代货币理论认为央行“法定准备金率”调整的政策信号无法真正地释放流动性,原因在于准备金作为一国中央银行的债务,是一国最具清偿力的基础货币,其能否进入经济体取决于实体经济的“内生需求”。商业银行根据经济体的信贷需求自主地向有偿付能力的借款者提供信贷,贷款的同时创造存款,存款是商业银行的债务,银行债务的清偿需要准备金。商业银行的信贷逻辑为贷款→存款→准备金,而不是传统观点所认为的准备金→贷款→存款。可见,准备金的多寡是由经济体内生决定,中央银行无法自由“裁定”准备金的供给规模,其外生设定的“法准率”也无法控制商业银行的信贷行为。因此,央行“降准”就必然增加市场流动性的判断缺乏说服力,相反主权政府“量出为入”地加大财政赤字才是精准“净注入”流动性的重要政策选择。

Internet of Things Intrusion Detection System Based on Convolutional Neural Network

In recent years, the Internet of Things (IoT) technology has developedby leaps and bounds. However, the large and heterogeneous networkstructure of IoT brings high management costs. In particular, the low costof IoT devices exposes them to more serious security concerns. First, aconvolutional neural network intrusion detection system for IoT devices isproposed. After cleaning and preprocessing the NSL-KDD dataset, this paperuses feature engineering methods to select appropriate features. Then, basedon the combination of DCNN and machine learning, this paper designs acloud-based loss function, which adopts a regularization method to preventoverfitting. The model consists of one input layer, two convolutional layers,two pooling layers and three fully connected layers and one output layer.Finally, a framework that can fully consider the user’s privacy protection isproposed. The framework can only exchange model parameters or intermediateresults without exchanging local individuals or sample data. This paperfurther builds a global model based on virtual fusion data, so as to achievea balance between data privacy protection and data sharing computing. Theperformance indicators such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and AUCof the model are verified by simulation. The results show that the model ishelpful in solving the problem that the IoT intrusion detection system cannotachieve high precision and low cost at the same time.

不同加载速率下岩石红外辐射效应的试验研究

为研究加载速率对岩石试样红外辐射效应的影响,对花岗岩进行不同加载速率下单轴压缩实验,监测其红外辐射的变化.研究结果表明:随着加载速率增加,花岗岩试样抗压强度逐渐增加,从初始加载直至破坏的时间明显减少,初始压密阶段变长,弹性阶段的斜率逐渐变小;加载速率对红外辐射效应的影响体现在红外热像和平均红外辐射温度变化量上,在花岗岩红外热像图上表现为热像图上的高温区域不断扩大;试样的平均红外辐射温度变化量(ΔtAIR)随着加载速率提高逐渐增大;在较高加载速率下,ΔtAIR曲线的斜率呈指数函数增大,即花岗岩试样的红外辐射效应越来越明显.

参芪地黄汤加减治疗狼疮性肾炎有效及安全性的系统评价

目的:系统评价参芪地黄汤加减治疗狼疮性肾炎的有效性及安全性。方法:检索PubMed、The Cochrane Library、Embase、Wed of Science、国家知识基础设施数据库、中国学术期刊数据库、中文科技期刊数据库等数据库,收集参芪地黄汤治疗狼疮性肾炎的随机对照试验(RCT),检索时间为建库至2020年7月。采用RevMan 5.3进行Meta分析。结果:最终纳入12项研究,共886例患者。Meta分析结果显示:观察组(参芪地黄汤联合西医常规治疗)在改善患者临床疗效,降低24 h尿蛋白定量,降低血管内皮生长因子(VEGF),降低系统红斑狼疮疾病活动指数(SLEDAI),提升补体C3含量等方面均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05);观察组不良反应发生情况低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:参芪地黄汤加减治疗狼疮性肾炎疗效明确,且不良反应少,安全性好,值得临床推广应用。

冲击荷载下砂岩的红外辐射特性

为揭示岩石在冲击荷载下的红外辐射规律,采用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)系统对砂岩在不同应变率下进行冲击测试试验,用红外热像仪监测和记录砂岩的红外热辐射信息。分析不同应变率下砂岩的红外热像演化特征以及加载过程中砂岩的平均红外辐射温度(t_(AIR))的变化规律,讨论平均红外辐射温度增量(Δt_(AIR))与应变率和试样能量密度的关系。研究结果表明:试样表面高温带与裂隙形成的位置对应关系较好,红外辐射强度变化越剧烈,试样破碎越严重;Δt_(AIR)随应变率增加而增加,两者呈幂函数关系;随着砂岩能量密度升高,Δt_(AIR)先缓慢增加再急剧增加,可用指数函数描述。

Clinical Characteristics and Prevention Strategies of Falls in Hospitalized Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Objectives: To analyze the clinical features of falls in hospitalized patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and to provide basis for preventing the occurrence of falls in hospitalized patients with CKD. Method: A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the 27 adverse events of falls in hospitalized patients from the department of nephrology in Peking University Shenzhen Hospital during May 2009 and May 2019. Results: Among the 27 patients with falls, people over 65 years old accounted for 55.56%;74.07% of the patients had caregivers;the peak period of falls was from June to August, accounting for 40.74%, mainly occurring from 7:00 to 8:00, 12:00 to 13:30 and 19:00 to 21:00;the locations of falls were mostly near the bed and in the bathroom, accounting for 33.33% and 22.22%, respectively;suffering from anemia, hypoproteinemia, abnormal serum potassium, calcium-phosphorus metabolism disorders accompanied by abnormal parathyroid hormone and hypertension accounted for 88.89%, 85.19%, 29.63%, 96.30% and 81.48% respectively. The inpatients on dialysis therapy accounted for 66.67%. Conclusion: The occurrence of falls in hospitalized patients with CKD was not only related to age, caregivers, time, months, locations or other conventional factors, but also the complications and dialysis therapies. To effectively reduce the occurrence of falls, it’s necessary to enhance the sense of safety and responsibility of caregivers. Besides, nurses should strengthen the inspection of wards for inpatients engaging in some intensive activities, and nurses should also pay more attention to the inpatients with anemia, hypoproteinemia, calcium-phosphorus metabolism disorders and those on dialysis therapies.

基于五脏辨治肾性贫血理论

肾性贫血是慢性肾功能衰竭患者疾病发展过程中最常见的并发症之一,主要表现为由促红细胞生成素合成减少而引起的一系列贫血症状。病变脏腑与心肝脾肺肾五脏均相关,心主生血、主行血,与血液的生成和运行息息相关;肝主疏泄,促进血液的运行和输布,贮藏血液,调节血量,防止出血;脾主运化、主统血,为血液的化生提供原材料,并统摄血液不溢于脉外;肺朝百脉,主治节,助心行血,推动血液的运行;肾主藏精,主骨生髓,精髓为化生血液的基本物质之一,为血液化生提供原材料。故在诊治肾性贫血时,从五脏入手,准确辨别病变脏腑以及相关证型,采取适当的中医药治疗,当起事半功倍之效。

Hyperactive reactive oxygen species impair function of porcine Sertoli cells via suppression of surface protein ITGB1 and connexin-43

DEAR EDITOR,Gap junctions regulate intercellular communication between Sertoli cells and germ cells in male testes and play vital functions in spermatogenesis.Many factors in animal breeding and husbandry can induce oxidative stress,which can impair the testis microenvironment and male animal fertility.However,the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown.Recently,we identified that androgen signals promote the expression of connexin-43(Cx43),a key component of gap junctions,to regulate spermatogenesis.Thus,we asked whether hyperactive reactive oxygen species(ROS)can impair gap junctions by interfering with Cx43 in porcine testes.Using a porcine Sertoli cell in vitro system,we found that hyperactive ROS caused extensive apoptosis in Sertoli cells,remarkable decrease in Cx43 expression,and failed maintenance of co-cultured spermatogonial stem cells(SSCs),indicating that ROS impaired the function of Sertoli cells and promoted loss of SSCs.This observation provides a possible mechanism for the impact of ROS on fertility of male animals.

从档案与美学分析瑞吉欧幼儿空间设计——以戴安娜幼儿园为例

本文尝试从瑞吉欧·艾米莉亚学前教育体系中的档案理论和美学的角度,分析戴安娜幼儿园的空间功能、组织与氛围营造,探究其幼儿空间设计背后的原理,倡导从学前教育与建筑学结合的视角出发进行幼儿园空间设计。

王自敏教授分期分型论治多囊肾的临床经验

多囊肾(polycystic kidney disease,PKD)是一种遗传性肾囊肿疾病。国家级名中医王自敏认为PKD的病机本质为本虚标实,以先天禀赋不足、正气亏虚为本,气滞血瘀、痰浊内蕴为标。PKD初期多为肝肾亏虚、气血瘀阻型和湿热内蕴、气滞血瘀型;中期多为肾虚肝旺、痰瘀内结型;后期多为正气亏虚、痰瘀浊毒型。治疗遵循扶正与祛邪兼施、防治并行、预后防复的原则。

数字化转型背景下森林防火能力提升研究

近年来随着极端天气增多、人为诱因风险加大等诱发森林火灾隐患不断增加。天津市北部山区作为森林火灾高风险区,在森林防火工作中积极探索,应用信息化技术和现代化科技手段,创新预防模式,搭建智能化森林火险智慧监测预防系统,进一步提升和打造“空天地人”四位一体化森林防火监测体系,实现了天津市重点森林防火区域火情7×24 h全时全域不间断智能监测和告警,为实现森林火情“早发现、早处置和打早、打小、打了”的目标提供智能安全保障。

Behaviours in Attachment-Detachment Cycles of Geckos in Response to Inclines and Locomotion Orientations

Geckos can move quickly in various environments by efficiently controlling their complex adhesive toe pads.The locomotion behaviours observed in the attachment-detachment(A-D)cycle of their toe pads in response to changes in their environment should be studied to understand the adaptive behavioural characteristics of such toe pads.The lack of systematic research on the entire A-D cycle,including the release,swing,contact,and adhesion stages,limits the comprehension of the adhesive locomotion mechanism.The A-D cycle of Gekko gecko that facilitates the foot locomotion on inclined and vertical surfaces was investigated to clarify the locomotion behaviours in different stages.Results show that the change trends of foot locomotor angles(yaw and pitch)during the entire A-D cycle remain unchanged in response to various substrates.The bending angles(fore 41°;hind 51°)and contact time percentages(fore 7.42%;hind 7.44%)in the contact stage as well as the forefoot angle ranges(yaw:163.09°;pitch:308.68°)in the A-D cycle also remain constant across all substrates.These invariant foot locomotion behaviours during the swing and contact stages suggest that the foot behaviours are weakly related to the forces acting on the foot,which change according to the environment.Furthermore,the forefoot and hindfoot have different anatomical structure and functional demands,thus,the angle range of forefoot locomotion is larger than that of hindfoot locomotion,and the pitch angle change trend of the forefoot is opposite to that of the hindfoot.The diverse and complex locomotion control of the adhesive toe pads for various environments is reduced by the consistent behaviours in the gecko’s A-D cycle,such as the constant postures in the swing and contact stages.This study provides insight into the adhesive locomotion mechanism of geckos and can facilitate further research on the effective design and control of adhesion robots.

Association between ICU quality and in-hospital mortality of V-V ECMO-supported patients—the ECMO quality improvement action(EQIA)study:a national cohort study in China from 2017 to 2019

This cohort study was performed to explore the influence of intensive care unit(ICU)quality on in-hospital mortality of veno-venous(V-V)extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO)-supported patients in China.The study involved all V-V ECMO-supported patients in 318 of 1700 tertiary hospitals from 2017 to 2019,using data from the National Clinical Improvement System and China National Critical Care Quality Control Center.ICU quality was assessed by quality control indicators and capacity parameters.Among the 2563 V-V ECMO-supported patients in 318 hospitals,a significant correlation was found between ECMO-related complications and prognosis.The reintubation rate within 48 hours after extubation and the total ICU mortality rate were independent risk factors for higher in-hospital mortality of V-V ECMO-supported patients(cutoff:1.5%and 7.0%;95%confidence interval:1.05–1.48 and 1.04–1.45;odds ratios:1.25 and 1.23;P=0.012 and P=0.015,respectively).Meanwhile,the V-V ECMO center volume was a protective factor(cutoff of≥50 cases within the 3-year study period;95%confidence interval:0.57–0.83,odds ratio:0.69,P=0.0001).The subgroup analysis of 864 patients in 11 high-volume centers further strengthened these findings.Thus,ICU quality may play an important role in improving the prognosis of V-V ECMO-supported patients.

Multidimensional dynamic prediction model for hospitalized patients with the omicron variant in China

Purpose:To establish dynamic prediction models by machine learning using daily multidimensional data for coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)patients.Methods:Hospitalized COVID-19 patients at Peking Union Medical College Hospital from Nov 2nd,2022,to Jan 13th,2023,were enrolled in this study.The outcome was defined as deterioration or recovery of the patient's condition.Demographics,comorbidities,laboratory test results,vital signs,and treatments were used to train the model.To predict the following days,a separate XGBoost model was trained and validated.The Shapley additive explanations method was used to analyze feature importance.Results:A total of 995 patients were enrolled,generating 7228 and 3170 observations for each prediction model.In the deterioration prediction model,the minimum area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUROC)for the following 7 days was 0.786(95%CI 0.721-0.851),while the AUROC on the next day was 0.872(0.831-0.913).In the recovery prediction model,the minimum AUROC for the following 3 days was 0.675(0.583-0.767),while the AUROC on the next day was 0.823(0.770-0.876).The top 5 features for deterioration prediction on the 7th day were disease course,length of hospital stay,hypertension,and diastolic blood pressure.Those for recovery prediction on the 3rd day were age,D-dimer levels,disease course,creatinine levels and corticosteroid therapy.Conclusion:The models could accurately predict the dynamics of Omicron patients’conditions using daily multidimensional variables,revealing important features including comorbidities(e.g.,hyperlipidemia),age,disease course,vital signs,D-dimer levels,corticosteroid therapy and oxygen therapy.

Chronic heat stress induces the disorder of gut transport and immune function associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress in growing pigs

Although high temperatures influence gut health,data on underlying mechanisms remains scant.Using a pig model,this study performed a global analysis on how chronic heat stress affects the transport and immune function of the gut through transcriptome,proteome,microbial diversity and flow cytometry.A total of 27 pigs with similar body weights were assigned into 3 groups,control(Con)group(23℃),chronic heat stressed(HS)group(33°C),and pair-fed(PF)group,in a controlled environment for 21 days.Our results showed that pigs in the HS group had reduced growth performance and diminished height of ileal villi(P<0.01).Transcriptome and proteome analyses demonstrated notable modification of expression of nutrients and ion transport-related transporters and gut mechanical barrier-related genes by chronic heart stress(P<0.05),suggesting damage of transport functions and the gut barrier.Chronic heat stress-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress also increased the synthesis of misfolded proteins,leading to upregulation of misfolded protein degradation and synthesis,as well as vesicle transport disorder(P<0.05).Energy supply processes were enhanced in the mitochondrion(P<0.05)to maintain biological processes with high energy demands.Furthermore,chronic heat stress activated complement cascade response-related genes and proteins in the gut mucosa(P<0.05).Our flow cytometry assays showed that the proportion of gut lymphocytes(CD4^(+)T cells,T cells,B cells in Peyer’s patch lymphocytes and CD4^(+)CD25^(+)T cells in intraepithelial lymphocytes)were significantly altered in the HS group pigs(P<0.05).In addition,the occurrence of gut microbial dysbiosis in the HS group pigs was characterized by increased potential pathogens(e.g.,Asteroleplasma,Shuttleworthia,Mycoplasma)and suppression of beneficial bacteria(e.g.,Coprococcus and Aeriscardovia),which are associated with gut immune function.Altogether,our data demonstrated that chronic heat stress induced gut transport and immune function disorder associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress in growing pigs.

Inhibition of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria promotes the growth of ammonia-oxidizing archaea in ammonium-rich alkaline soils

Disparities in the substrate affinity and tolerance threshold for ammonia have been believed to play a key role in driving niche differentiation between ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB);however, recent surveys argue that direct competition between AOA and AOB is also important in this phenomenon. Accordingly, it is reasonable to predict that diverse AOA lineages would grow in ammonium (NH_(4)^(+))-rich alkaline arable soils if AOB growth is suppressed. To test this hypothesis, a microcosm study was established using three different types of alkaline arable soils, in which a high NH_(4)^(+) concentration (200 μg N g^(-1) dry soil) was maintained by routinely replenishing urea and the activities of AOB were selectively inhibited by 1-octyne or 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP). Compared with amendment with urea alone, 1-octyne partially retarded AOB growth, while DMPP completely inhibited AOB. Both inhibitors accelerated the growth of AOA, with significantly higher ratios of abundance of AOA to AOB observed with DMPP amendment across soils. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis (NMDS) indicated that different treatments significantly altered the community structures of both AOA and AOB and AOA OTUs enriched by high-NH_(4)^(+) amendment were taxonomically constrained across the soils tested and closely related to Nitrososphaera viennensis EN76 and N. garnensis. Given that these representative strains have been demonstrated to be sensitive to high ammonia concentrations, our results suggest that it is the competitiveness for ammonia, rather than disparities in substrate affinity and tolerance threshold for ammonia, that drives niche differentiation between these phylotypes and AOB in NH_(4)^(+)-rich alkaline soils.

Aerial ammonia exposure induces the perturbation of the interorgan ammonia disposal and branched-chain amino acid catabolism in growing pigs

Aerial ammonia exposure leads to tissue damage and metabolic dysfunction.However,it is unclear how different organs are coordinated to defend against aerial ammonia exposure.Twenty-four pigs were randomly divided into 4 groups,exposed to 0,10,25 or 35 mg/m^(3) ammonia respectively for 25 d.After above 25 mg/m^(3) ammonia exposure,decreased aspartate(P=0.016),glutamate(P=0.030)and increased ornithine(P=0.002)were found in the ammonia-removing liver,and after high ammonia(35 mg/m^(3))exposure,glutamine synthetase(GS)expression was increased(P=0.012).An increased glutamate(P=0.004)and decreased glutaminase(GLS)expression(P=0.083)were observed in the lungs after high ammonia exposure.There was also an increasing trend of glutamine in the kidneys after high ammonia exposure(P=0.066).For branched-chain amino acid(BCAA)catabolism,high ammonia exposure increased BCAA content in both the lungs and muscle(P<0.05),whereas below 25 mg/m^(3) ammonia exposure increased BCAA only in the lungs(P<0.05).The expression of BCAA transaminase(BCAT1/2)and dehydrogenase complex(BCKDHA/B and DBT)were inhibited to a varying degree in the liver,lungs and muscle after above 25 mg/m^(3) ammonia exposure,especially high ammonia exposure.The expression of BCKDH complex and glutamate-glutamine metabolism-related genes were highly expressed in the liver,followed by the lungs and muscle(P<0.01),whereas the BCAT2 expression was highest in the lungs(P=0.002).Altogether,low ammonia exposure sufficed to evoke the urea cycle to detoxify ammonia in the liver.The process of ammonia removal in the liver and potential ability of the lungs to detoxify ammonia were enhanced with increasing ammonia.Furthermore,high ammonia exposure impaired the BCAA catabolism and decreased the transcripts of the BCAA catabolism-related enzymes,resulting in high BCAA content in extrahepatic tissues.Therefore,with aerial ammonia increasing,an increased urea cycle and glutamine synthesis were ammonia defensive strategies,and high ammonia exposure impaired the BCAA catabolism.