Trimethylamine N-oxide generation process was influenced by the proportion and source of macronutrients in the diet

Trimethylamine N-oxide(TMAO)is a risk factor of various chronic diseases,which was produced by metabolism from precursors to trimethylamine(TMA)in gut and the oxidation from TMA in liver.The TMA generation was influenced by diet,mainly due to the rich TMAO precursors in diet.However,it was still unclear that the effects of different proportion and source of macronutrients in different dietary pattern on the production process of TMAO.Here,the generation of TMA from precursors and TMAO from TMA was determined after single oral choline chloride and intraperitoneal injection TMA,respectively,in mice fed with carbohydrates,proteins and fats in different proportion and sources.The results suggested that the generation of TMAO was increased by low non-meat protein and high fat via enhancing the production of TMAO from TMA,and decreased by plant protein and refined sugar via reducing TMA production from precursors in gut and TMAO transformation from TMA in liver.The high fat and high sugar diets accelerating the development of atherosclerosis did not increase the production of TMAO,the risk factor for atherosclerosis,which indicated that the dietary compositions rather than the elevated TMAO level might be a more key risk factor for atherosclerosis.

Effects of alcohol on digestion,absorption and metabolism of sea cucumber saponins in healthy mice

Sea cucumber saponins have attracted more attention in recent years due to biological activities.It is a popular practice to soak sea cucumber in Baijiu at home and being applied to industrial manufacturing in China.However,knowledge of the effect of alcohol on the absorption and metabolism of sea cucumber saponins is limited.The effects of alcohol on digestion,absorption and metabolism of sea cucumber saponins in BALB/c mice were investigated after gavage and tail intravenous injection.The results showed that the content of saponins in serum and liver was significantly higher under the influence of alcohol than that in the control group after oral administration.Alcohol promoted the absorption of sea cucumber saponins prototype as well as inhibited the process of saponins being transformed into deglycositic metabolites in the small intestine.Moreover,sea cucumber saponins remained in circulation for a long time and alcohol slowed down the clearance of sea cucumber saponins under the influence of alcohol after intravenous injection.This confirmed the feasibility of marinating sea cucumber in Baijiu to improve the efficacy of saponins and provides an important theoretical basis for the utilization of sea cucumber and the development of sea cucumber liquor.

The Modulatory Effect of Dietary Apostichopus japonicus on Mice with Ulcerative Colitis Induced by Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid

Sea cucumber is a food with nutritional benefits distributing mainly in Asia, and Apostichopus japonicus (A. japonicus) is a kind of sea cucumber whose quality is better than any others. However, different processing methods make various effect on its quality. In this study, we evaluated the protection effect of A. japonicus with different processing methods on mice with ulcerative colitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), especially on the intestinal microflora. The expression of IFN-γ/IL-4 and IL-1β in gut, and intestinal microbiota were discussed. The results revealed that three different processing methods of A. japonicus could decrease the expression of inflammatory cytokines, except for the expression of IFN-γ/IL-4 treated with enzymatic, and dried A. japonicus was the most efficient. A. japonicus could change the microbiotic imblance relatively back to normal in terms of bacterial diversity and composition, meanwhile increase the abundance of Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus and Clostridium leptum. The elements of protein, polysaccharide in dried, instant, enzymatic A. japonicus are 73.09%, 65.06%, 57.42% and 6.72%, 5.46%, 5.45% respectively. This study indicated that A. japonicus have a good improving effect on ulcerative colitis, especially on the microbiome, and processing methods had an effect on alleviation of ulcerative colitis, which might be associated with content of protein and polysaccharide.

The Preventative Effect of Dietary Apostichopus japonicus on Intestinal Microflora Dysregulation in Immunosuppressive Mice Induced by Cyclophosphamide

Sea cucumbers are recognized as food and drug resources with many nutritional benefits, and Apostichopus japonicus is a kind of sea cucumber with good quality. Processing methods have some effect on its quality. This study aimed to explore the effects of Apostichopus japonicus with three different processing methods (dried, instant, and enzymatic sea cucummbers) on intestinal microflora dysregulation using a cyclophosphamide (cy) induced immunosuppressive mouse model. The expression of lysozyme, immunoglobulin A (IgA), and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) in the intestine and gut microbiota were investigated. The results showed that three types of A. japonicus could improve mucosal immunity and regulate gut microbiota. Dietary A. japonicus could reverse microbial imbalance, including increasing the bacterial diversity, enhancing the number of Bifidobacterium, and changing the bacterial composition. The most effect was observed with dried A. japonicus. Expression of lysozyme and IgA in the intestine was significantly increased. This study identified positive effects of dietary A. japonicus on mucosal immunity, particularly on gut microbiota, suggesting that dietary A. japonicus may aid in improving mucosal immunity and preventing exogenous infection. Additionally, the processing method has some effect on immunomodulatory function.

The absorption kinetics of Antarctic krill oil phospholipid liposome in blood and the digestive tract of healthy mice by single gavage

Antarctic krill(Euphausia superba)oil has been gaining increasing attention due to its nutritional and functional potentials.Krill oil usually contains a high concentration(about 50%)of phospholipids(AKOP)rich in DHA and EPA accompanied with 30%–40%triacylglycerols.Phospholipids can be made into liposomes without emulsifiers due to its amphiphilic characteristics.However,the absorption kinetics of AKOP liposome in vivo is not clear,which restrict the molecular mechanism analysis related to its distinct bioactivities.The lipid analysis in serum,small intestinal content and wall was carried out after oral administration of AKOP liposome to illustrate its absorption kinetics in blood and the digestive tract of healthy mice by single gavage.The major type of the obtained AKOP was phosphatidylcholine,and the total contents of the DHA and EPA were 29.31%.AKOP liposome was almost completely digested in the small intestine in 1 h and the hydrolysis products could be quickly absorbed by intestinal enterocytes.The DHA in serum peaked at 2 h after administration of AKOP liposome.AKOP liposome could be quickly digested and absorbed in vivo.The obtained results might provide a scientific basis for the molecular mechanism analysis related to distinct bioactivities of Antarctic krill oil phospholipid.

Dynamic changes of peptidome and release of polysaccharide in sea cucumber(Apostichopus japonicus) hydrolysates depending on enzymatic hydrolysis approaches

Enzymatic hydrolysis has been widely used to produce bioactive hydrolysates from sea cucumber body wall.Here,inspired by the clarification of Apostichopus japonicus genome,we investigated the enzymatic hydrolysis of sea cucumber body wall by using the omics strategy.Shared proteins,including major yolk proteins,collagens,extracellular matrix glycoproteins and muscle proteins,were released from the body wall by different hydrolysis condition.A portfolio of 216 shared peptides were detected in the peptidome by papain with different hydrolysis time,while 32 shared peptides were detected in the peptidome by differing proteases.Unshared peptides and the relative abundance distribution profiles of shared peptides changed depending on hydrolysis approaches,indicating dynamic changes of peptidome during hydrolysis.Moreover,release of sulfated fucan and fucosylated chondroitin sulfate changed with the hydrolysis condition.The monitoring of dynamic enzymatic hydrolysis process at a molecular scale would contribute to production and quality control of sea cucumber hydrolysates.

Docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oil prevented insulin resistance by modulating gut microbiome and promoting colonic peptide YY expression in diet-induced obesity mice

It is unclear how docosahexaenoic acid(DHA)improves insulin resistance via modulating gut microbiome in obese individuals.We used diet-induced obesity(DIO)mice as a model to study the effects of DHA-rich fish oil(DHA-FO)on host metabolic disorders and colonic microbiome.DHA-FO reduced fat deposition,regulated lipid profiles and alleviated insulin resistance in DIO mice.Probably because DHA-FO prevented the permeation of lipopolysaccharide across intestinal epithelial barrier,and promoted peptide YY(PYY)secretion via the mediation of short chain fatty acids receptor(FFAR2)in colon.Furthermore,DHA-FO might regulate PYY expression by reversing microbial dysbiosis,including increasing the abundance ofAkkermansia muciniphila and Lactobacillus,and suppressing the growth of Helicobacter.DHA-FO also altered gut microbial function(e.g."linoleic acid metabolism")associated with PYY expression(r>0.80,P<0.05).Herein,DHA-FO enhanced insulin action on glucose metabolism by altering gut microbiome and facilitating colonic PYY expression in DIO mice.

Early-Life Gut Microbiota Governs Susceptibility to Colitis via Microbial-Derived Ether Lipids

Localized intestine inflammation could induce short-term increases in colonic oxygenation and leads to increases in the aerobic bacteria population and reduction in the anaerobic bacteria population by changing the intestinal environment.However,the mechanisms involved and the associated functions of intestinal anaerobes in gut health still remain unclear.Here,we found that early-life depletion of gut microbiota exacerbated later colitis,while mid-life microbiota depletion showed partially reduced colitis.Notably,we observed that early-life gut microbiota depletion confers susceptibility to ferroptosis in colitis.In contrast,restitution of early-life microbiota conferred protection against colitis and inhibited ferroptosis triggered by gut microbiota dysbiosis.Similarly,colonization with anaerobic microbiota from young mice suppressed colitis.These results may attribute to high abundance of plasmalogen-positive(plasmalogen synthase[PlsA/R]-positive)anaerobes and plasmalogens(one of the common ether lipids)in young mice but reduced abundance in the development of inflammatory bowel disease.Early-life anaerobic bacteria elimination also resulted in the aggravation of colitis,while this aggravation phenotype was reverted by plasmalogen administration.Interestingly,plasmalogens inhibited ferroptosis triggered by microbiota dysbiosis.We further find that the alkenyl-ether group of plasmalogens was critical to colitis prevention and ferroptosis inhibition.These data point to one of the mechanisms by which the gut microbiota controls susceptibility to colitis and ferroptosis early in life via microbial-derived ether lipids.

An efficient method for chitin production from crab shells by a natural deep eutectic solvent

Crab shells are an important feedstock for chitin production.However,their highly compact structure significantly limits their use for the production of chitin under mild conditions.Here,a green and efficient approach using a natural deep eutectic solvent(NADES)to produce chitin from crab shells was developed.Its effectiveness in isolating chitin was investigated.The results showed that most proteins and minerals were removed from crab shells and the relative crystallinity of the isolated chitin reached 76%.The quality of the obtained chitin was comparable to chitin isolated by the acid–alkali method.This is the first report on a green method for efficient chitin production from crab shells.This study is expected to open new avenues for green and efficient production of chitin from crab shells.

Study on the effects of the different polar group of EPA-enriched phospholipids on the proliferation and apoptosis in 95D cells

EPA-enriched phosphatidylcholine(EPA-PC)and EPA-enriched phosphatidylethanolamine(EPA-PE)are newly identified marine phospholipids.The polar group of phospholipids is known to influence EPA-phospholipid activity.However,the differences in anti-tumor effects between EPA-PC and EPA-PE have not been reported.In this study,we evaluated the effects of two forms of EPA on the proliferation and apoptosis in the lung-cancer cell line 95D as well as possible molecular mechanisms.Our results showed that EPA-PC effectively inhibited proliferative activity and promoted apoptosis of 95D cells in a dose-dependent manner,while EPA-PE had no effect on cell proliferation,although it slightly promoted apoptosis.Western blot results showed that EPA-PC and EPA-PE upregulated the expression of PPARy,RXRoc,and PTEN,and downregulated the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.Furthermore,EPA-PC and EPA-PE induced the expression of the pro-apoptotic gene,Bax,and reduced the expression of the anti-apoptotic gene,Bcl-xl.Additionally,EPA-PC and EPA-PE promoted the release of cytochrome c and activated the apoptotic enzyme-cleaved caspase-3.These data suggest that the anti-tumor effect of EPA-phospholipids may be exerted via a PPARy-related mechanism.EPA-PC was more efficacious as compared to EPA-PE,which might be due to the different polar groups of phospholipids.

Effective Antarctic krill oil extraction using switchable hydrophilicity solvents

Antarctic krill has been widely studied because of its abundant biomass,rich nutritional value,and great production potential.Notably,krill oil(KO)is rich in phospholipids(PLs),polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs),and astaxanthin.A method based on a green switchable hydrophilicity solvent N,7V-dimethyIcyclohexylamine(DMCHA),which can reversibly change from oil soluble to water soluble in the presence of CO2 was used to extract KO from frozen Antarctic krill as it consumes less energy than traditional methods.We showed that DMCHA destroyed the surface structure of Antarctic krill and accelerated the dissolution of KO.In addition,this method enabled the PL extraction to reach up to 80.2%of total PLs,among which PC accounted for the highest proportion,up to 90.91%in PL.In fact,the astaxanthin extraction reached up to 81.44%of total astaxanthin while the fatty acid(FA)extraction up to 84.35%.The KO extracted through DMCHA was rich in PUFA,up to 47.74%,and the content of EPA+DHA reached 42.16%of total FA content.Furthermore,the amount of residual solvent in the lipid phase was just 0.23%of the DMCHA used for the extraction and the recovery rate of solvent was up to 93.2%.Our results demonstrated the high efficiency of oil extraction and the environmental friendliness of this method.

Phosphatidylmannoside prevents obesity induced by high-fat feeding

Emerging evidence suggests that dietary D-mannose,enriched naturally in many plants and fruits,show benefits in patients with bacterial urinary tract infection,diabetes,and obesity.However,it is noteworthy that the physiological level of D-mannose in the blood is relatively low.Based on the study that D-mannose could be a safe and beneficial dietary supplement to obese,here phosphatidylation of mannose was proposed as a way to increase the physiological level of D-mannose and enhance the modulatory effect of mannose on obesity.In this study,phosphatidylmannoside(PtdMan)was synthesized via the approach of phospholipase D mediated transphosphatidylation.In vivo,we show that phosphatidylation of mannose enhanced the physiological level of mannose in blood.The benefits of PtdMan and D-mannose in high-fat diet-induced obesity were then investigated.Compared with D-mannose supplementary,increased physiological level of PtdMan enhanced the expression of fatty acid oxidation-related genes in liver and PPARγtargeted genes in adipose tissue,thus protecting from high-fat diet induced obesity,glucose tolerance,and insulin sensitivity.Together,our findings reveal the possibility that phosphatidylation of mannose could be used as a dietary approach to prevent obesity-associated diseases via its enhanced mannose bioavailability.