Human Attention Allocation Strategy (HAAS) is related closely to operating performance when he/she is interacting a machine through a human-machine interface. Gaze behaviors, which is acquisited by eye tracking techno...Human Attention Allocation Strategy (HAAS) is related closely to operating performance when he/she is interacting a machine through a human-machine interface. Gaze behaviors, which is acquisited by eye tracking technology, can be used to observe attention allocation. But the performance-sensitive attention allocation strategy is still hard to measure using gaze cue. In this paper, we attempt to understand visual attention allocation behavior and reveal the relationship between attention allocation strategy and interactive performance in a quantitative manner. By using a novel Multiple-Level Clustering approach, we give some results on probabilistic analysis about interactive performance of HAAS patterns in a simulation platform of thermal-hydraulic process plant. It can be observed that these patterns are sensitive to interactive performance. We conclude that our Multiple-Level Clustering approach can extract efficiently human attention allocation patterns and evaluate interactive performance using gaze movements.展开更多
CD8^(+)T cells play a central role in antiviral immune responses.Upon infection,naive CD8^(+)T cells differentiate into effector cells to eliminate virus-infected cells,and some of these effector cells further differe...CD8^(+)T cells play a central role in antiviral immune responses.Upon infection,naive CD8^(+)T cells differentiate into effector cells to eliminate virus-infected cells,and some of these effector cells further differentiate into memory cells to provide long-term protection after infection is resolved.Although extensively investigated,the underlying mechanisms of CD+T-cell differentiation remain incompletely understood.Themis is a T-cell-specific protein that plays critical roles in T-cell development.Recent studies using Themis T-cell conditional knockout mice also demonstrated that Themis is required to promote mature CD8^(+)T-cell homeostasis,cytokine responsiveness,and antibacterial responses.In this study,we used LCMV Armstrong infection as a probe to explore the role of Themis in viral infection.We found that preexisting CD8^(+)T-cell homeostasis defects and cytokine hyporesponsiveness do not impair viral clearance in Themis T-cell conditional knockout mice.Further analyses showed that in the primary immune response,Themis deficiency promoted the differentiation of CD8^(+)effector cells and increased their TNF and IFNy production.Moreover,Themis deficiency impaired memory precursor cell(MPEC)differentiation but promoted short-lived effector cell(SLEC)differentiation.Themis deficiency also enhanced effector cytokine production in memory CD8^(+)T cells while impairing central memory CD8^(+)T-cell formation.Mechanistically,we found that Themis mediates PD-1 expression and its signaling in effector CD8^(+)T cells,which explains the elevated cytokine production in these cells when Themis is disrupted.展开更多
基金Project supported by theNationalNature Science Foundation ofChina (No. 61471252) and the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. BK20130303).
文摘Human Attention Allocation Strategy (HAAS) is related closely to operating performance when he/she is interacting a machine through a human-machine interface. Gaze behaviors, which is acquisited by eye tracking technology, can be used to observe attention allocation. But the performance-sensitive attention allocation strategy is still hard to measure using gaze cue. In this paper, we attempt to understand visual attention allocation behavior and reveal the relationship between attention allocation strategy and interactive performance in a quantitative manner. By using a novel Multiple-Level Clustering approach, we give some results on probabilistic analysis about interactive performance of HAAS patterns in a simulation platform of thermal-hydraulic process plant. It can be observed that these patterns are sensitive to interactive performance. We conclude that our Multiple-Level Clustering approach can extract efficiently human attention allocation patterns and evaluate interactive performance using gaze movements.
基金the Core Facility of Biomedical Sciences,Xiamen University for Flow Cytometry Cell Sorting service.This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32070887)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(20720220003)to G.F.Singapore Ministry of Education(MOE-000112)Singapore Ministry of Health's National Medical Research Council(MOH-000523)to N.RJ.Gascoigne.The Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(No.2019J01009)to Q.L.The National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1904206)to X.L.C.The funders had no role in the study design,data collection and analysis,decision to publish,or preparation of the manuscript。
文摘CD8^(+)T cells play a central role in antiviral immune responses.Upon infection,naive CD8^(+)T cells differentiate into effector cells to eliminate virus-infected cells,and some of these effector cells further differentiate into memory cells to provide long-term protection after infection is resolved.Although extensively investigated,the underlying mechanisms of CD+T-cell differentiation remain incompletely understood.Themis is a T-cell-specific protein that plays critical roles in T-cell development.Recent studies using Themis T-cell conditional knockout mice also demonstrated that Themis is required to promote mature CD8^(+)T-cell homeostasis,cytokine responsiveness,and antibacterial responses.In this study,we used LCMV Armstrong infection as a probe to explore the role of Themis in viral infection.We found that preexisting CD8^(+)T-cell homeostasis defects and cytokine hyporesponsiveness do not impair viral clearance in Themis T-cell conditional knockout mice.Further analyses showed that in the primary immune response,Themis deficiency promoted the differentiation of CD8^(+)effector cells and increased their TNF and IFNy production.Moreover,Themis deficiency impaired memory precursor cell(MPEC)differentiation but promoted short-lived effector cell(SLEC)differentiation.Themis deficiency also enhanced effector cytokine production in memory CD8^(+)T cells while impairing central memory CD8^(+)T-cell formation.Mechanistically,we found that Themis mediates PD-1 expression and its signaling in effector CD8^(+)T cells,which explains the elevated cytokine production in these cells when Themis is disrupted.