It is disputed whether those neurons in the primary motor cortex（M1） that encode hand orientation constitute an independent channel for orientation control in reach-to-grasp behaviors. Here, we trained two monkeys t...It is disputed whether those neurons in the primary motor cortex（M1） that encode hand orientation constitute an independent channel for orientation control in reach-to-grasp behaviors. Here, we trained two monkeys to reach forward and grasp objects positioned in the frontal plane at different orientation angles, and simultaneously recorded the activity of M1 neurons. Among the 2235 neurons recorded in M1, we found that 18.7% had a high correlation exclusively with hand orientation, 15.9% with movement direction, and 29.5% with both movement direction and hand orientation. The distributions of neurons encoding hand orientation and those encoding movement direction were not uniform but coexisted in the same region. The trajectory of hand rotation was reproduced by the firing patterns of the orientation-related neurons independent of the hand reaching direction. These resultssuggest that hand orientation is an independent component for the control of reaching and grasping activity.展开更多
Glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1)reduces postprandial hyperglycaemia,but its short half-life inhibits clinical application.The aim of the current study was to evaluate the treatment efforts of an engineered strain,Lactob...Glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1)reduces postprandial hyperglycaemia,but its short half-life inhibits clinical application.The aim of the current study was to evaluate the treatment efforts of an engineered strain,Lactobacillus plantarum-pMG36e-GLP-1(L.plantarum-pMG36e-GLP-1),that continuously expresses GLP-1 in spontaneous type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)monkeys.After 7 weeks of oral supplementation with L.plantarum-pMG36e-GLP-1,the fasting blood glucose(FPG)of monkeys was significantly(p<0.05)reduced to a normal level and only a small amount of weight was lost.The results of metagenomic sequencing showed that L.plantarum-pMG36e-GLP-1 caused a substantial(p<0.05)reduction in the intestinal pathogen Prevotella and marked enhancement of butyrate-producing Alistipes genera.According to the functional analysis using Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathways,19 metabolism-related pathways were significantly enriched in T2DM monkeys after treatment with L.plantarum-pMG36e-GLP-1.LC-MS faecal metabolomics analysis found 41 significant differential metabolites(11 higher and 30 lower)in monkeys after treatment pathways linked to the metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were the most relevant.The present study suggests that L.plantarum-pMG36e-GLP-1 had an impact on the gut microbial composition and faecal metabolomic profile in spontaneous T2DM monkeys and may be a novel candidate for diabetes treatment.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61233015 and 31460263)the National Basic Research Development Program(973 Program)of China(2013CB329506)
文摘It is disputed whether those neurons in the primary motor cortex（M1） that encode hand orientation constitute an independent channel for orientation control in reach-to-grasp behaviors. Here, we trained two monkeys to reach forward and grasp objects positioned in the frontal plane at different orientation angles, and simultaneously recorded the activity of M1 neurons. Among the 2235 neurons recorded in M1, we found that 18.7% had a high correlation exclusively with hand orientation, 15.9% with movement direction, and 29.5% with both movement direction and hand orientation. The distributions of neurons encoding hand orientation and those encoding movement direction were not uniform but coexisted in the same region. The trajectory of hand rotation was reproduced by the firing patterns of the orientation-related neurons independent of the hand reaching direction. These resultssuggest that hand orientation is an independent component for the control of reaching and grasping activity.
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.31760276,31960171,82060638)the Jiangxi Natural Science Foundation(grant no.20171BAB204019,20192ACB20022),and the“double 10-thousand plan”of Jiangxi Province(innovation and technology professionals as the high-end talent).
文摘Glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1)reduces postprandial hyperglycaemia,but its short half-life inhibits clinical application.The aim of the current study was to evaluate the treatment efforts of an engineered strain,Lactobacillus plantarum-pMG36e-GLP-1(L.plantarum-pMG36e-GLP-1),that continuously expresses GLP-1 in spontaneous type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)monkeys.After 7 weeks of oral supplementation with L.plantarum-pMG36e-GLP-1,the fasting blood glucose(FPG)of monkeys was significantly(p<0.05)reduced to a normal level and only a small amount of weight was lost.The results of metagenomic sequencing showed that L.plantarum-pMG36e-GLP-1 caused a substantial(p<0.05)reduction in the intestinal pathogen Prevotella and marked enhancement of butyrate-producing Alistipes genera.According to the functional analysis using Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathways,19 metabolism-related pathways were significantly enriched in T2DM monkeys after treatment with L.plantarum-pMG36e-GLP-1.LC-MS faecal metabolomics analysis found 41 significant differential metabolites(11 higher and 30 lower)in monkeys after treatment pathways linked to the metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were the most relevant.The present study suggests that L.plantarum-pMG36e-GLP-1 had an impact on the gut microbial composition and faecal metabolomic profile in spontaneous T2DM monkeys and may be a novel candidate for diabetes treatment.
