Greenhouse gas(GHG)-induced climate change is among the most pressing sustainability challenges facing humanity today,posing serious risks for ecosystem health.Methane(CH_(4))and nitrous oxide(N_(2)O)are the two most ...Greenhouse gas(GHG)-induced climate change is among the most pressing sustainability challenges facing humanity today,posing serious risks for ecosystem health.Methane(CH_(4))and nitrous oxide(N_(2)O)are the two most important GHGs after carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),but their regional and global budgets are not well known.In this study,we applied a process-based coupled biogeochemical model to concurrently estimate the magnitude and spatial and temporal patterns of CH_(4)and N_(2)O fluxes as driven by multiple environmental changes,including climate variability,rising atmospheric CO_(2),increasing nitrogen deposition,tropospheric ozone pollution,land use change,and nitrogen fertilizer use.The estimated CH_(4)and N_(2)O emissions from global land ecosystems during 1981-2010 were 144.39±12.90 Tg C/yr(mean 62 SE;1 Tg=1012 g)and 12.52±0.74 Tg N/yr,respectively.Our simulations indicated a significant(P,0.01)annually increasing trend for CH_(4)(0.43±0.06 Tg C/yr)and N_(2)O(0.14±0.02 Tg N/yr)in the study period.CH_(4)and N_(2)O emissions increased significantly in most climatic zones and continents,especially in the tropical regions and Asia.The most rapid increase in CH_(4)emission was found in natural wetlands and rice fields due to increased rice cultivation area and climate warming.N_(2)O emission increased substantially in all the biome types and the largest increase occurred in upland crops due to increasing air temperature and nitrogen fertilizer use.Clearly,the three major GHGs(CH_(4),N_(2)O,and CO_(2))should be simultaneously considered when evaluating if a policy is effective to mitigate climate change.展开更多
Organic polymer solar materials are shown to exhibit better solubility in mixed solvents than in pure ones,which affects the performance of their solar cells.In this article,poly[N-9-hepta-decanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,...Organic polymer solar materials are shown to exhibit better solubility in mixed solvents than in pure ones,which affects the performance of their solar cells.In this article,poly[N-9-hepta-decanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4.7-di-2-thienyI-2,l,3-benzothiadiazole)(PCDTBT0)and[6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester(PC_(71)BM)are used as active layer materials in solar cells.To optimize the performance of these active materials,the ratio of chloroform(CF)to chlorobenzene used as solvents to dissolve PCDTBT,and PC_(71)BM is varied,which is shown to affect power conversion efficiency(PCE).The solar cell that shows the best performance with a PCE as high as 6.82%is produced using a volume ratio of CF to chlorobenzene of1:1.展开更多
基金This study has been supported by NASA Carbon Monitoring System Program(NNX14AO73G)NASA IDS Program(NNX10AU06G,NNG04GM39C)U.S.National Science Foundation Grants(AGS-1243220,CNS-1059376).
文摘Greenhouse gas(GHG)-induced climate change is among the most pressing sustainability challenges facing humanity today,posing serious risks for ecosystem health.Methane(CH_(4))and nitrous oxide(N_(2)O)are the two most important GHGs after carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),but their regional and global budgets are not well known.In this study,we applied a process-based coupled biogeochemical model to concurrently estimate the magnitude and spatial and temporal patterns of CH_(4)and N_(2)O fluxes as driven by multiple environmental changes,including climate variability,rising atmospheric CO_(2),increasing nitrogen deposition,tropospheric ozone pollution,land use change,and nitrogen fertilizer use.The estimated CH_(4)and N_(2)O emissions from global land ecosystems during 1981-2010 were 144.39±12.90 Tg C/yr(mean 62 SE;1 Tg=1012 g)and 12.52±0.74 Tg N/yr,respectively.Our simulations indicated a significant(P,0.01)annually increasing trend for CH_(4)(0.43±0.06 Tg C/yr)and N_(2)O(0.14±0.02 Tg N/yr)in the study period.CH_(4)and N_(2)O emissions increased significantly in most climatic zones and continents,especially in the tropical regions and Asia.The most rapid increase in CH_(4)emission was found in natural wetlands and rice fields due to increased rice cultivation area and climate warming.N_(2)O emission increased substantially in all the biome types and the largest increase occurred in upland crops due to increasing air temperature and nitrogen fertilizer use.Clearly,the three major GHGs(CH_(4),N_(2)O,and CO_(2))should be simultaneously considered when evaluating if a policy is effective to mitigate climate change.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(F2010000306,F2012201089)the Hebei Province Department of Education Fund(ZH2011205)
文摘Organic polymer solar materials are shown to exhibit better solubility in mixed solvents than in pure ones,which affects the performance of their solar cells.In this article,poly[N-9-hepta-decanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4.7-di-2-thienyI-2,l,3-benzothiadiazole)(PCDTBT0)and[6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester(PC_(71)BM)are used as active layer materials in solar cells.To optimize the performance of these active materials,the ratio of chloroform(CF)to chlorobenzene used as solvents to dissolve PCDTBT,and PC_(71)BM is varied,which is shown to affect power conversion efficiency(PCE).The solar cell that shows the best performance with a PCE as high as 6.82%is produced using a volume ratio of CF to chlorobenzene of1:1.