Cooperative management of an emission trading system:a private governance and learned auction for a blockchain approach

Although blockchain technology has received a significant amount of cutting-edge research on constructing a novel carbon trade market in theory,there is little research on using blockchain in carbon emission trading schemes(ETS).This study intends to address existing gaps in the literature by creating and simulating an ETS system based on blockchain technology.Using the ciphertext-policy attributed-based encryption algorithm and the Fabric network to build a platform may optimize the amount of data available while maintaining privacy security.Considering the augmentation of information interaction during the auction process brought about by blockchain,the learning behavior of bidding firms is introduced to investigate the impact of blockchain on ETS auction.In particular,implementing smart contracts can provide a swift and automatic settlement.The simulation results of the proposed system demonstrate the following:(1)fine-grained access is possible with a second delay;(2)the average annual compliance levels increase by 2%when bidders’learning behavior is considered;and(3)the blockchain network can process more than 350 reading operations or 7 writing operations in a second.Novel cooperative management of an ETS platform based on blockchain is proposed.The data access control policy based on CP-ABE is used to solve the contradiction between data privacy on the firm chain and government supervision.A learned auction strategy is proposed to suit the enhancement of information interaction caused by blockchain technology.This study provides a new method for climate change policymakers to consider the blockchain application of the carbon market.

Surface hydrophobic modification of MXene to promote the electrochemical conversion of N_(2) to NH_(3)

Hydrophobic treatment of the catalyst surfaces can suppress the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction(HER) during the nitrogen reduction reaction(NRR).In this work,the surface of Ti_(3)C_(2)Ti_(x) MXene is modified by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide(CTAB) and trimethoxy(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-trideca fluorooctyl) silane(FOTS) to increase the hydrophobicity of MXenes.The ammonia(NH_(3)) production rate and faradaic efficiency(FE) are improved from 37.62 to 54.01 μg h^(-1)mg_(cat)^(-1).and 5.5% to 18.1% at-0.7 V vs.RHE,respectively after surface modification.^(15)N isotopic labeling experiment confirms that nitrogen in produced ammonia originates from N_(2) in the electrolyte.The excellent NRR activity of surface hydrophobic MXenes is mainly due to surfactant molecules,which inhibit the entry of water molecules and the competitive HER,which have been verified by in situ FT-IR,DFT and molecular dynamics calculations.This strategy provides an ingenious method to design more active NRR electrocatalysts.

Is a correlation‑based investment strategy beneficial for long‑term international portfolio investors?

Using negative to low-correlated assets to manage short-term portfolio risk is not uncommon among investors,although the long-term benefits of this strategy remain unclear.This study examines the long-term benefits of the correlation strategy for portfolios based on the stock market in Asia,Central and Eastern Europe,the Middle East and North Africa,and Latin America from 2000 to 2016.Our strategy is as follows.We develop five portfolios based on the average unconditional correlation between domestic and foreign assets from 2000 to 2016.This yields five regional portfolios based on low to high correlations.In the presence of selected economic and financial conditions,long-term diversification gains for each regional portfolio are evaluated using a panel cointegration-based testing method.Consistent across all portfolios and regions,our key cointegration results suggest that selecting a low-correlated portfolio to maximize diversification gains does not necessarily result in long-term diversification gains.Our empirical method,which also permits the estimation of cointegrating regressions,provides the opportunity to evaluate the impact of oil prices,U.S.stock market fluctuations,and investor sentiments on regional portfolios,as well as to hedge against these fluctuations.Finally,we extend our data to cover the years 2017–2022 and find that our main findings are robust.

乙烯醋酸乙烯酯/二氧化硅超疏水辐射降温薄膜的制备及性能

辐射降温材料通过在太阳光波段(0.3~2.5μm)反射太阳光并通过大气透明窗口波段(8~13μm)将热量辐射到寒冷的外太空以实现表面的自发降温,这是一种可持续发展的制冷方式。然而,材料在户外长期使用过程中会受到雨水冲刷或灰尘沾污而使降温效果受到严重影响。文中通过溶剂交换法制备了具有多孔结构的乙烯醋酸乙烯酯/疏水二氧化硅(EVA/SiO_(2))复合超疏水辐射降温薄膜。复合薄膜表面的水接触角为160.4°,滚动角为2.6°;在太阳光波段的平均反射率可达96%,大气透明窗口波段的平均发射率为94%。在炎热强日光照射下的空气流通环境中,该薄膜可实现比周围环境平均温度低7℃;在无空气对流和传导的理想条件下可达到12℃的平均降温。薄膜的超疏水自清洁特性可使其表面避免被外界污染从而保持稳定的光学性能和降温效果。该材料适用于户外需要降温的领域,应用前景广阔。

Reliability analysis of monotone coherent multi-state systems based on Bayesian networks

The Bayesian networks (BNs) provide a robust probabilistic method of reasoning under uncertainty and have been successfully applied to a variety of real-world tasks. Aiming to explore the capabilities of the BN formalism in reliability analysis of monotone coherent multi-state systems, the BNs are compared with a popular tool for reliability analysis of monotone coherent multi-state systems, namely the multi-state fault trees (MFTs). It is shown that any MFT can be directly mapped into BN and the basic inference techniques on the latter may be used to obtain classical parameters computed from the former (i.e. probability distribution of top variable, minimal upper vectors and maximum lower vectors for any performance level, importance measures of components). Furthermore, some additional information can be obtained by using BN, both at the modeling and analysis level. At the modeling level, several restrictive assumptions implicit in the MFT methodology can be removed and various kinds of dependencies among components can be accommodated. At the analysis level, a general diagnostic analysis can be performed. The comparison of these methods is illustrated by an example of the water supply system. ? 2016 Beijing Institute of Aerospace Information.

Comparisons of Three-Dimensional Variational Data Assimilation and Model Output Statistics in Improving Atmospheric Chemistry Forecasts

Atmospheric chemistry models usually perform badly in forecasting wintertime air pollution because of their uncertainties. Generally, such uncertainties can be decreased effectively by techniques such as data assimilation（DA） and model output statistics（MOS）. However, the relative importance and combined effects of the two techniques have not been clarified. Here,a one-month air quality forecast with the Weather Research and Forecasting-Chemistry（WRF-Chem） model was carried out in a virtually operational setup focusing on Hebei Province, China. Meanwhile, three-dimensional variational（3 DVar） DA and MOS based on one-dimensional Kalman filtering were implemented separately and simultaneously to investigate their performance in improving the model forecast. Comparison with observations shows that the chemistry forecast with MOS outperforms that with 3 DVar DA, which could be seen in all the species tested over the whole 72 forecast hours. Combined use of both techniques does not guarantee a better forecast than MOS only, with the improvements and degradations being small and appearing rather randomly. Results indicate that the implementation of MOS is more suitable than 3 DVar DA in improving the operational forecasting ability of WRF-Chem.

Spatiotemporally co-delivery of triple therapeutic drugs via HA-coating nanosystems for enhanced immunotherapy

There is growing empirical evidence that certain types of chemotherapy and phototherapy trigger immunogenic cell death and enhance the therapeutic anticancer efficacy of genetic immunotherapy. However, the main challenge is spatiotemporally co-delivering different drugs to maximize the therapeutic index of the combination therapy. In this study, a drug delivery system(HTCP-Au/shPD-L1/DOX) was designed with a polysaccharide-wrapped shell and a condensed DNA core. To construct the HTCP-Au vector, dodecyl side chains with a polyethylenimine(PEI) head were grafted onto hyaluronic acid, and Au NPs were grafted via Au-S bonds. During drug loading, PEI arrested shRNA plasmid DNA targeting programmed cell death ligand 1(shPD-L1) via electrostatic interactions. It also formed a PEI-DNA core that was automatically enclosed when aliphatic hydrocarbons pulled the hyaluronic acid backbone. A hydrophobic interlayer consisting of dodecyl bridge chains between the PEI-DNA core and the hyaluronic acid shell was required to accommodate hydrophobic doxorubicin. In vitro and in vivo assays demonstrated that this core-shell drug delivery system could efficiently load and transport three different drugs and effectively target tumors. Moreover, it could activate the immune system, thereby providing promising therapeutic efficacy against tumor growth and metastasis.

Carbon dot-based artificial light-harvesting systems with sequential energy transfer and white light emission for photocatalysis

In this work, we designed and synthesized cationic carbon dots(CDs) with a size distribution of 1.6–3.7 nm, which exhibited dark blue fluorescence in the aqueous solution. Based on its excellent luminescence properties, we used it as an energy donor to construct a sequential artificial light-harvesting system(LHS) by employing the energy-matching dyes eosin Y disodium salt(EY) and sulforhodamine101(SR101), which could regulate the white light emission(Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage(CIE) coordinate:(0.30, 0.31)) with the energy transfer efficiency(ΦET) of 53.9% and 20.0%. Moreover, a single-step artificial LHS with white light emission(0.32, 0.28) can be constructed directly using CDs and dye solvent 43(SR) with ΦETand antenna effect(AE) of 48.8% and 6.5, respectively. More importantly,CDs-based artificial LHSs were firstly used in photocatalytic of α-bromoacetophenone, with a yield of90%. This work not only provides a new strategy for constructing CDs-based LHSs, but also opens up a new application for further applying the energy harvested in CDs-based LHSs to the field of the aqueous solution photocatalysis.

Study on the assimilation of the sulphate reaction rates based on WRF-Chem/DART

Sulphate(SO_(4)^(2-))is a main component of PM_(2.5)in China.The chemical formation mechanisms of sulphate are complex,and many air quality models have been used to analyse these mechanisms.To improve the accuracy of Weather Research Forecast-Chemistry(WRF-Chem)on sulphate,an alternative method is proposed in this paper.Moreover,data assimilation is performed to adjust the chemical reaction rates of sulphate.Based on the original reactions,a new sulphate parameterisation scheme,which includes two hypothetical reactions and six undetermined parameters,was added.Based on the WRF-Chem/DART(Data Assistance Research Testbed)system,the near-ground concentrations of SO_(4)^(2-),SO_(2),NO_(2),O_(3)and particulate matter are assimilated to adjust the six parameters.After adjusting the parameters,the new scheme can effectively solve the underestimation of SO_(4)^(2-)and overestimation of SO_(2).The simulation of SO_(4)^(2-)improved as the mean bias changed from-13.1μg m^(-3)to 3.5μg m^(-3)while SO_(2)improved from 17.0μg m^(-3)to 6.3μg m^(-3).The temporal and spatial variation characteristics predicted by the new scheme are consistent with the theoretical research results,indicating that the complex mechanism of sulphate formation could be replaced by the temporal and spatial variation characteristics predicted by the new scheme and that the parameters can be adjusted by data assimilation.Furthermore,the reaction rates of the SO_(4)^(2-)parameterisation scheme of the WRF-Chem model are improved in this study,and a new method for improving the accuracy of the air quality model is provided.

Construction and application of the polyelectrolyte-based sequential artificial light-harvesting system

In this work,we have designed and synthesized a cyano-substituted p-phenylenevinylene derivative(PPTA),which can self-assemble into positively charged nanoparticles in an aqueous solution with a deep green fluorescence.An anionic polyelectrolyte material guar gum modified by carboxylic acid(GP5A)was chosen to build an artificial light-harvesting system(LHS)through self-assembly with PPTA,in which two acceptors Eosin Y(EY)and Nile red(NiR)were loaded into the PPTA-GP5A assemblies through electrostatic interaction and Van der Waals force.By adjusting the molar ratio of PPTA-GP5A/EY at 1:0.004,the one-step artificial LHS can exhibit high energy transfer efficiency(Φ_(ET))(38.9%)and antenna effect(AE)(4.6).Subsequently,with the addition of NiR,theΦET and AE of the two-step sequential artificial LHS were calculated to be 71.9%and 13.5,respectively.Moreover,the two-step artificial LHS constructed by the polyelectrolyte material GP5A can be used as a nanoreactor to photocatalyst alkylation of C-H bonds of phenyl vinyl sulfone(PVS)and tetrahydrofuran(THF)in water with a yield of 42%.Therefore,we have constructed an artificial LHS with two-step energy transfer based on polyelectrolytes through the electrostatic interaction to improve energy transfer efficiency,which can also be used as a nanoreactor for photocatalysis.

An HBV-encoded miRNA activates innate immunity to restrict HBV replication

We previously identified that hepatitis B virus(HBV)encodes a microRNA(HBV-miR-3)that restrains HBV replication by targeting the HBV transcript.However,whether HBV-miR-3 affects host innate immunity to modulate HBV replication remains unclear.Here,we examined the vital functions of HBV-miR-3 in the innate immune response after HBV infection.We found that HBV-miR-3 expression gradually increased in a dose-and time-dependent manner in HBV-infected HepG2-NTCP cells.HBV-miR-3 activated the JAK/STAT signaling pathway by downregulating SOCS5 in hepatocytes,thereby enhancing the IFN-induced anti-HBV effect.In addition,HBVmiR-3 in exosomes facilitated the Ml polarization of macrophages.Furthermore,exosomes containing HBV-miR-3 enhanced the secretion of IL-6 via inhibiting the SOCS5-mediated ubiquitination of EGFR.In short,these results demonstrate that HBV-miR-3 activates the innate immune response to restrain HBV replication by multiple pathways,which may suppress HBV-induced acute liver cell injury and affect the progression of persistent HBV infection.

一种高效稳定的大电流密度产氢电催化剂

电解水制氢具有工艺简单、原料来源广泛、无污染、氢气纯度高等优点,是最具发展前景的制氢技术之一.然而电解水制氢存在的最大问题是析氢析氧过程能耗过高,需要添加催化剂降低反应能垒.目前,电催化产氢性能最好的材料依然是价格昂贵且储量有限的贵金属铂基催化剂.发展高效稳定的大电流密度制氢非贵金属催化剂,对于氢气的规模化制备和商业化应用意义重大.本工作采用三维导电泡沫镍为自支撑电极材料,引入钼源和硫源构建高活性催化析氢Mo-Ni-S体系.通过水热反应和退火处理,在泡沫镍基底上制备得到了具有高担载量、细长浓密的Mo S2/Ni3S2同轴异质结构纳米线.催化剂结构设计方面,在水热反应过程中创新性地引入表面活性剂(P123),调控催化剂形貌,增加了活性位点数目.在组分调控方面,通过后期退火处理去除低活性物相,增强了催化性能.基于以上结构和组分设计调控,该催化剂在碱性体系下具有优异的大电流密度催化产氢性能,仅需较低过电势便可获得较高的电流密度,同时具有优异的大电流密度产氢稳定性,其电催化产氢性能超过了已报道的众多催化剂.

The privacy protection mechanism of Hyperledger Fabric and its application in supply chain finance

Blockchain technology ensures that data is tamper-proof,traceable,and trustworthy.This article introduces a wellknown blockchain technology implementation—Hyperledger Fabric.The basic framework and privacy protection mechanisms of Hyperledger Fabric such as certificate authority,channel,Private Data Collection,etc.are described.As an example,a specific business scenario of supply chain finance is figured out.And accordingly,some design details about how to apply these privacy protection mechanisms are described.

Improving the intrinsic electronic conductivity of NiMo0_(4) anodes by phosphorous doping for high lithium storage

Heteroatom doping is one of the most promising strategies toward regulating intrinsically sluggish electronic conductivity and kinetic reaction of transition metal oxides for enhancing their lithium storage.Herein,we designed phosphorus-doped NiMo0_(4) nanorods(P-NiMo0_(4))by using a facile hydrothermal method and subsequent low-temperature phosphorization treatment.Phosphorus doping played an indispensable role in significantly improving electronic conductivity and the Li+diffusion kinetics of NiMo0_(4) materials.Experimental investigation and density functional theory calculation demonstrated that phosphorus doping can expand the interplanar spacing and alter electronic structures of NiMo0_(4) nanorods.Meanwhile,the introduced phosphorus dopant can generate some oxygen vacancies on the surface of NiMo0_(4),which can accelerate Li+diffusion kinetics and provide more active site for lithium storage.As excepted,P-NiMo0_(4) electrode delivered a high specific capacity(1,130 mA·g^(-1) at 100 mA·g^(-1) after 100 cycles),outstanding cycling durability(945 mA·g^(-1) at 500 mA·g^(-1) over 200 cycles),and impressive rate performance(640 mA·g^(-1)at 2,000mA·g^(-1))for lithium ion batteries(LIBs).This work could provide a potential strategy for improving intrinsic conductivity of transition metal oxides as high-performance anodes for LIBs.

Will Tax Burden Be a Stumbling Block to Carbon-Emission Reduction? Evidence from OECD Countries

The influence of taxation on the economy and society is everywhere. Given the fact that CO_(2) emission is closely connected with human activities, the question naturally arises whether the tax burden affects the carbon emissions. To address this issue, based on the data of 21 OECD countries over the period from 1991–2014, we use the ratio of tax revenue to GDP as a proxy of the tax burden and employ a panel quantile model with the non-additive fixed effects for analysis. The results suggest that the impact of the tax burden on carbon emissions is heterogeneous across countries based on the level of carbon emissions. Moreover, we find a stable U-shaped relationship between the tax burden and carbon emissions whether for countries with a high or low level of carbon emissions. Our findings suggest that moderate taxes could help reduce carbon emissions, but the effect of excessive taxation is the opposite.

Highly efficient two-electron electroreduction of oxygen into hydrogen peroxide over Cu-doped TiO_(2)

Electrosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide(H2O_(2)),as a sustainable alternative to the anthraquinone oxidation method,provides the feasibility of directly generating H_(2)O_(2).Here,we report Cu-doped TiO_(2) as an efficient electrocatalyst which exhibits the excellent two-electron oxygen reduction reaction(2e-ORR)performance with respect to the pristine TiO_(2).The Cu doping results in the distortion of TiO_(2) lattice and further forms a large number of oxygen vacancies and Ti^(3+).Such Cu-doped TiO_(2) exhibits a positive onset potential about 0.79 V and high H_(2)O_(2) selectivity about 91.2%.Moreover,it also shows a larger H_(2)O_(2) yield and good stability.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations reveal that Cu dopant not only improves the electrical conductivity of pristine TiO_(2) but reduces the*OOH adsorption energy of active sites,which is beneficial to promote subsequently 2e-ORR process.

Subtle structure tailoring of metal-free triazine luminogens for highly efficient ultralong organic phosphorescence

Ultralong organic phosphorescent materials have invoked considerable attention for their great potential in sensing,data encryption,information anti-counterfeiting and so forth.However,effective ways to achieve highly efficient ultralong organic phosphorescence(UOP)in metal-free organic materials remain a great challenge.Herein,we designed three isomers based on asymmetric triazines with various bromine substituted positions.Impressively,phosphorescence efficiency of p-BrAT in solid state can reach up to 9.7%with a long lifetime of 386 ms,which was one of the highest efficient UOP materials reported so far.Theoretical calculations further demonstrated that para-substitution exhibited the most effective radiative transition for triplet excitons.These results will provide an effective approach to achieving highly efficient UOP materials.

The privacy protection mechanism of Hyperledger Fabric and its application in supply chain finance

Blockchain technology ensures that data is tamper-proof,traceable,and trustworthy.This article introduces a wellknown blockchain technology implementation—Hyperledger Fabric.The basic framework and privacy protection mechanisms of Hyperledger Fabric such as certificate authority,channel,Private Data Collection,etc.are described.As an example,a specific business scenario of supply chain finance is figured out.And accordingly,some design details about how to apply these privacy protection mechanisms are described.