Glomerella leaf spot(GLS)of apple(Malus×domestica Borkh.),caused by Glomerella cingulata,is an emerging fungal epidemic threatening the apple industry.Little is known about the molecular mechanism underlying resi...Glomerella leaf spot(GLS)of apple(Malus×domestica Borkh.),caused by Glomerella cingulata,is an emerging fungal epidemic threatening the apple industry.Little is known about the molecular mechanism underlying resistance to this devastating fungus.In this study,high-throughput sequencing technology was used to identify microRNAs(miRNAs)involved in GLS resistance in apple.We focused on miRNAs that target genes related to disease and found that expression of a novel miRNA,Md-miRln20,was higher in susceptible apple varieties than in resistant ones.Furthermore,its target gene Md-TN1-GLS exhibited the opposite expression pattern,which suggested that the expression levels of Md-miRln20 and its target gene are closely related to apple resistance to GLS.Furthermore,downregulation of MdmiRln20 in susceptible apple leaves resulted in upregulation of Md-TN1-GLS and reduced the disease incidence.Conversely,overexpression of Md-miRln20 in resistant apple leaves suppressed Md-TN1-GLS expression,with increased disease incidence.We demonstrated that Md-miRln20 negatively regulates resistance to GLS by suppressing Md-TN1-GLS expression and showed,for the first time,a crucial role for miRNA in response to GLS in apple.展开更多
Alternaria leaf spot in apple(Malus x domestica),caused by the fungal pathogen Alternaria alternata f.sp.mali(also called A.mali),is a devastating disease resulting in substantial economic losses.We previously establi...Alternaria leaf spot in apple(Malus x domestica),caused by the fungal pathogen Alternaria alternata f.sp.mali(also called A.mali),is a devastating disease resulting in substantial economic losses.We previously established that the resistance(R)protein MdRNL2,containing a coiled-coil,nucleotide-binding,and leucine-rich repeat(CC R-NB-LRR)domain,interacts with another CC R-NB-LRR protein,MdRNL6,to form a MdRNL2–MdRNL6 complex that confers resistance to A.mali.Here,to investigate the function of the MdRNL2–MdRNL6 complex,we identified two novel pathogenesis-related(PR)proteins,MdPR10-1 and MdPR10-2,that interact with MdRNL2.Yeast two-hybrid(Y2H)assays and bimolecular fluorescence complementation(BiFC)assays confirmed that MdPR10-1 and MdPR10-2 interact with MdRNL2 and MdRNL6 at the leucine-rich repeat domain.Transient expression assays demonstrated that accumulation of MdPR10-1 and MdPR10-2 enhanced the resistance of apple to four strains of A.mali that we tested:ALT1,GBYB2,BXSB5,and BXSB7.In vitro antifungal activity assays demonstrated that both the proteins contribute to Alternaria leaf spot resistance by inhibiting fungal growth.Our data provide evidence for a novel regulatory mechanism in which MdRNL2 and MdRNL6 interact with MdPR10-1 and MdPR10-2 to inhibit fungal growth,thereby contributing to Alternaria leaf spot resistance in apple.The identification of these two novel PR proteins will facilitate breeding for fungal disease resistance in apple.展开更多
Hurricane Ike,which struck the United States in September 2008,was the ninth most expensive hurricane in terms of damages.It caused nearly USD 30 billion in damage after making landfall on the Bolivar Peninsula,Texas....Hurricane Ike,which struck the United States in September 2008,was the ninth most expensive hurricane in terms of damages.It caused nearly USD 30 billion in damage after making landfall on the Bolivar Peninsula,Texas.We used the Delft3dFM/SWAN hydrodynamic and spectral wave model to simulate the storm surge inundation around Galveston Bay during Hurricane Ike.Damage curves were established through the relationship between eight hydrodynamic parameters(water depth,flow velocity,unit discharge,flow momentum flux,significant wave height,wave energy flux,total water depth(flow depth plus wave height),and total(flow plus wave)force)simulated by the model and National Flood Insurance Program(NFIP)insurance damage data.The NFIP insurance database contains a large amount of building damage data,building stories,and elevation,as well as other information from the Ike event.We found that the damage curves are sensitive to the model grid resolution,building elevation,and the number of stories.We also found that the resulting damage functions are steeper than those developed for residential structures in many other locations.展开更多
Organoboron reagents have garnered considerable attention due to their distinct properties. In recent years, boronic acids and boronate esters have been important intermediates for cross-coupling reactions and other f...Organoboron reagents have garnered considerable attention due to their distinct properties. In recent years, boronic acids and boronate esters have been important intermediates for cross-coupling reactions and other functional group construction and are often used to synthesize small organic molecules, drugs, and bioactive substances. In this feature article, we encapsulate the strategy of harnessing the unique properties of organoboron reagents to overcome challenges encountered in conventional polymer synthesis. We delve into the synthesis of boron-containing monomers and polymer materials, unraveling the unique attributes of these newfound polymers while offering innovative insights into their application within recyclable or reprocessable materials. We develop organoboron-based photocatalysts, employing their inner-sphere electron transfer(ISET) mechanisms to initiate controlled radical polymerization. We utilize alkylborane to initiate controlled radical polymerization and further designed B-alkylcatecholboranes to prepare ultra-high molecular weight polymers. Notably, we also propose a liquid-phase synthesis method based on organoboron tags and apply it to the precise synthesis of sequence-controlled conjugated polymers.These advancements open up new frontiers in the realm of polymer science, and the versatility and potential of organoboron reagents in polymer synthesis continue to inspire exciting research endeavors.展开更多
Endogenously eliminating the hematoma is a favorable strategy in addressing intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH).This study sought to determine the role of retinoid X receptor-ot(RXR-a)in the context of hematoma absorption a...Endogenously eliminating the hematoma is a favorable strategy in addressing intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH).This study sought to determine the role of retinoid X receptor-ot(RXR-a)in the context of hematoma absorption after ICH.Our results showed that pharmacologically activating RXR-a with bexarotene significantly accelerated hematoma clearance and alleviated neurological dysfunction after ICH.RXR-ot was expressed in microglia/macro-phages,neurons,and astrocytes.Mechanistically,bexarotene promoted the nuclear translocation of RXR-a and PPAR-y,as well as reducing neuroinflammation by modulating microglia/macrophage reprograming from the Ml into the M2 phenotype.Furthermore,all the beneficial effects of RXR-a in ICH were reversed by the PPAR-y inhibitor GW9662.In conclusion,the pharmacological activation of RXR-a confers robust neuroprotection against ICH by accelerating hematoma clearance and repolarizing microglia/macrophages towards the M2 phenotype through PPAR-y-related mechanisms.Our data support the notion that RXR-ot might be a promising therapeutic target for ICH.展开更多
基金supported by funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31872062)the Construction of Beijing Science and Technology Innovation and Service Capacity in Top Subjects(CEFF-PXM2019_014207_000032).
文摘Glomerella leaf spot(GLS)of apple(Malus×domestica Borkh.),caused by Glomerella cingulata,is an emerging fungal epidemic threatening the apple industry.Little is known about the molecular mechanism underlying resistance to this devastating fungus.In this study,high-throughput sequencing technology was used to identify microRNAs(miRNAs)involved in GLS resistance in apple.We focused on miRNAs that target genes related to disease and found that expression of a novel miRNA,Md-miRln20,was higher in susceptible apple varieties than in resistant ones.Furthermore,its target gene Md-TN1-GLS exhibited the opposite expression pattern,which suggested that the expression levels of Md-miRln20 and its target gene are closely related to apple resistance to GLS.Furthermore,downregulation of MdmiRln20 in susceptible apple leaves resulted in upregulation of Md-TN1-GLS and reduced the disease incidence.Conversely,overexpression of Md-miRln20 in resistant apple leaves suppressed Md-TN1-GLS expression,with increased disease incidence.We demonstrated that Md-miRln20 negatively regulates resistance to GLS by suppressing Md-TN1-GLS expression and showed,for the first time,a crucial role for miRNA in response to GLS in apple.
文摘Alternaria leaf spot in apple(Malus x domestica),caused by the fungal pathogen Alternaria alternata f.sp.mali(also called A.mali),is a devastating disease resulting in substantial economic losses.We previously established that the resistance(R)protein MdRNL2,containing a coiled-coil,nucleotide-binding,and leucine-rich repeat(CC R-NB-LRR)domain,interacts with another CC R-NB-LRR protein,MdRNL6,to form a MdRNL2–MdRNL6 complex that confers resistance to A.mali.Here,to investigate the function of the MdRNL2–MdRNL6 complex,we identified two novel pathogenesis-related(PR)proteins,MdPR10-1 and MdPR10-2,that interact with MdRNL2.Yeast two-hybrid(Y2H)assays and bimolecular fluorescence complementation(BiFC)assays confirmed that MdPR10-1 and MdPR10-2 interact with MdRNL2 and MdRNL6 at the leucine-rich repeat domain.Transient expression assays demonstrated that accumulation of MdPR10-1 and MdPR10-2 enhanced the resistance of apple to four strains of A.mali that we tested:ALT1,GBYB2,BXSB5,and BXSB7.In vitro antifungal activity assays demonstrated that both the proteins contribute to Alternaria leaf spot resistance by inhibiting fungal growth.Our data provide evidence for a novel regulatory mechanism in which MdRNL2 and MdRNL6 interact with MdPR10-1 and MdPR10-2 to inhibit fungal growth,thereby contributing to Alternaria leaf spot resistance in apple.The identification of these two novel PR proteins will facilitate breeding for fungal disease resistance in apple.
基金funded by NSF award 2228486 under the program Strengthening America’s Infrastructurefunding from the China Scholarship Council,Grant No.202206140090。
文摘Hurricane Ike,which struck the United States in September 2008,was the ninth most expensive hurricane in terms of damages.It caused nearly USD 30 billion in damage after making landfall on the Bolivar Peninsula,Texas.We used the Delft3dFM/SWAN hydrodynamic and spectral wave model to simulate the storm surge inundation around Galveston Bay during Hurricane Ike.Damage curves were established through the relationship between eight hydrodynamic parameters(water depth,flow velocity,unit discharge,flow momentum flux,significant wave height,wave energy flux,total water depth(flow depth plus wave height),and total(flow plus wave)force)simulated by the model and National Flood Insurance Program(NFIP)insurance damage data.The NFIP insurance database contains a large amount of building damage data,building stories,and elevation,as well as other information from the Ike event.We found that the damage curves are sensitive to the model grid resolution,building elevation,and the number of stories.We also found that the resulting damage functions are steeper than those developed for residential structures in many other locations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22271057, 22201045)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (22ZR1406000)the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers,Department of Macromolecular Science, and Fudan University。
文摘Organoboron reagents have garnered considerable attention due to their distinct properties. In recent years, boronic acids and boronate esters have been important intermediates for cross-coupling reactions and other functional group construction and are often used to synthesize small organic molecules, drugs, and bioactive substances. In this feature article, we encapsulate the strategy of harnessing the unique properties of organoboron reagents to overcome challenges encountered in conventional polymer synthesis. We delve into the synthesis of boron-containing monomers and polymer materials, unraveling the unique attributes of these newfound polymers while offering innovative insights into their application within recyclable or reprocessable materials. We develop organoboron-based photocatalysts, employing their inner-sphere electron transfer(ISET) mechanisms to initiate controlled radical polymerization. We utilize alkylborane to initiate controlled radical polymerization and further designed B-alkylcatecholboranes to prepare ultra-high molecular weight polymers. Notably, we also propose a liquid-phase synthesis method based on organoboron tags and apply it to the precise synthesis of sequence-controlled conjugated polymers.These advancements open up new frontiers in the realm of polymer science, and the versatility and potential of organoboron reagents in polymer synthesis continue to inspire exciting research endeavors.
基金by the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFC1312600 and 2018YFC1312603)the Key Research and Development Project of Zhejiang Province(2018C03011)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81771246,81971099,and 81870908)the Scientific Research Fund of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department(Y201941838).
文摘Endogenously eliminating the hematoma is a favorable strategy in addressing intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH).This study sought to determine the role of retinoid X receptor-ot(RXR-a)in the context of hematoma absorption after ICH.Our results showed that pharmacologically activating RXR-a with bexarotene significantly accelerated hematoma clearance and alleviated neurological dysfunction after ICH.RXR-ot was expressed in microglia/macro-phages,neurons,and astrocytes.Mechanistically,bexarotene promoted the nuclear translocation of RXR-a and PPAR-y,as well as reducing neuroinflammation by modulating microglia/macrophage reprograming from the Ml into the M2 phenotype.Furthermore,all the beneficial effects of RXR-a in ICH were reversed by the PPAR-y inhibitor GW9662.In conclusion,the pharmacological activation of RXR-a confers robust neuroprotection against ICH by accelerating hematoma clearance and repolarizing microglia/macrophages towards the M2 phenotype through PPAR-y-related mechanisms.Our data support the notion that RXR-ot might be a promising therapeutic target for ICH.