Improved maceration techniques to study the fruit vascular anatomy of grape

The visualization and evaluation of fruit vascular bundles in grape are indispensable for understanding the development and growth of the fruit. The vascular bundles in grape are as thin as human hair, and strongly adhere to flesh cells, making it difficult to isolate individual intact vessel elements. Currently there is little information about methods to characterize grape vascular tissue. In this study, we describe an easy and effective technique to visualize the xylem cell structure of the ‘Red Globe' grape(Vitis L.). The intact vascular bundles of the grape were isolated through enzymatic degradation of flesh cells by hydrolases which were effective in removing flesh cells from vascular bundles. This enabled the illustration of the fine surface structure of vessel elements and their arrangement in the vascular bundles of the grape. This modified method to separate the vascular bundles into individual vessel elements was more effective than former methods of manually shaking to isolate individual vessels. Clear images of xylem vessel arrangement and structural characteristics of individual vessel element were acquired by light microscopy(BX51, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan), transmission electron microscopy(Tecnai 12, Philips, Netherlands) and scanning electron microscopy(GeminiSEM 300, Carl Zeiss, Germany). In addition, the 3D structure of vessel elements was observed using confocal laser scanning microscopy(Zeiss: model: LSM-880, Oberkochen, Germany). The imaging techniques for visualizing and analyzing the structure of xylem vessels in grape described in this study are an improvement of past methods. An effective method to isolate grape vascular bundles from flesh cells was also developed, which enables the imaging of the fine surface structure of vessel elements and their arrangement in grape vascular bundles. By adjusting the process of maceration of vascular bundles, an easy and effective method was developed to gently disrupt the plant tissue and isolate individual vessel elements. These improved techniques are suitable to observe the intact morphology of vascular bundles in the grape, improve experimental efficiency and accelerate new discoveries on the anatomical structure of the grape.

采用气调技术延长小浆果的市场供应期(英文)

包括草莓、树莓和蓝莓在内的小浆果可以通过使用气调贮藏技术来延长市场的供应期。气调贮藏条件下,果实质量与采收时期有关。品种、栽培技术、采收的成熟度、正确的采收方式和采后的管理均会影响贮藏开始时期的品质和潜在的贮藏能力。增加CO2(≥10 %)浓度可以有效抑制采后贮藏中的主要损失之一—腐烂。增加CO2浓度还可以提高草莓的果实硬度和延迟草莓、树莓和黑莓的采后色素形成过程。不当的CO2和/或O2浓度导致蓝莓果实失去风味、果肉组织变软和褪色。通过使用托盘包装、帐式气调和气调集装箱,气调技术可以在小浆果的贮藏和运输过程中商业化应用。