Governance in the exploration of global and regional determinants of ICT development

The present study assesses how governance affects information and communication technology(IcT)at the global level contingent on macroeconomic policy factors such as trade,foreign direct investment(FDI),manufacturing value added,and agricultural value added.The study focuses on 183 countries from 2003 to 2021,and the empirical evidence is based on the generalized method of moments(GMM).The following main findings are established.For the full sample,governance unconditionally promotes ICT development,while trade openness(industrial added value)moderates governance to promote(dampen)ICT development.In sub-Saharan Africa,only trade openness effectively moderates governance to induce an overall positive effect on ICT,while in the Middle East and North Africa(MENA)region,all policy variables moderate governance for an overall positive incidence on ICT sector development.The findings for the MENA region are confirmed in the Europe and Central Asia(ECA)region,with the exception of the moderating role of industrial added value,which engenders an overall negative effect.In the East and South Asia and the Pacific(ESAP)countries,one overall positive incidence is apparent in the role of trade openness,while net negative effects are established from the moderating roles of industrial added value and agricultural added value.In the American sub-sample,a positive(negative)net effect is apparent from the role of industrial added value(trade)in moderating the incidence of gover-nance on ICT sector development.Finally,policy implications are discussed.