低温胁迫对Bt棉纤维中杀虫蛋白含量及氮代谢的影响

本研究以常规种泗抗1号(Sikang 1,SK1)和杂交种泗抗3号(Sikang 3,SK3)为材料进行盆栽试验,研究了不同低温水平及其处理持续时间对Bt棉盛铃期纤维中杀虫蛋白含量变化及氮代谢生理特征。结果表明,纤维中的杀虫蛋白含量随着温度的降低总体呈下降趋势,同时低温处理持续期显著影响杀虫蛋白含量。与对照相比,纤维中杀虫蛋白含量的降低幅度随低温胁迫时间的延长而增大。此外,随着处理温度的降低,可溶性蛋白含量、谷丙转氨酶活性、谷草转氨酶活性呈下降趋势,游离氨基酸含量、肽酶活性、蛋白酶活性呈上升趋势,且在低温处理48 h后,均与杀虫蛋白含量呈极显著相关。因此,低温胁迫促使了蛋白质的合成功能下降,分解能力增强,导致可溶性蛋白含量下降,游离氨基酸含量升高,最终导致杀虫蛋白含量下降,且其受低温胁迫持续期显著影响。

毛细管压力作用下的非饱和双重孔隙介质中弹性波传播

岩石孔隙中常常含有两相或多相流体,了解弹性波作用下流体压力扩散对弹性波频散和衰减的影响对于地球资源探测至关重要.本文建立了由一种骨架和两种流体组成的非饱和双重孔隙介质模型,推导了考虑毛细管压力作用的,包含宏观全局流和中观局域流两种机制的弹性波传播方程.利用平面波分析的方法分析了三种纵波(P1,P2和P3波)和一种横波(S波)的频散和衰减特性,并重点讨论了嵌入体半径、饱和度、渗透率和孔隙度等孔隙介质参数对其中P1波传播特性的影响.经理论分析验证,该模型在特定参数条件下可退化为经典Biot饱和流体孔隙模型.根据数值模拟结果,低频P1波速度会出现低于Gassmann-Wood低频极限的现象,这是由于在考虑宏观尺度上流体间毛细管力作用的情况下,全局流和局域流的耦合作用加速了孔隙压力的平衡过程,使得岩石不排水的基本假设不再成立;孔隙介质参数与弹性波频散和衰减之间是复杂的非线性关系;与仅考虑宏观全局流机制的Santos模型相比,本模型预测的岩石弹性模量在低频段与实际岩心测量数据较吻合,证实了该模型在地震勘探速度场建模方面具有更好的可靠性.

土壤增氮对棉铃对位叶Bt杀虫蛋白含量影响及氮代谢机制

为探讨土壤增氮对Bt棉棉铃对位叶杀虫蛋白表达量影响程度及相关的氮代谢生理机制,提高Bt棉花铃期抗虫性的农学调节提供理论和技术支撑。采用裂区设计,以Bt棉常规品种泗抗1号(SK-1)、杂交品种泗抗3号(SK-3)为材料,在常规施氮量300kghm^(-2)基础上,设计施氮量分别增加25%、50%、75%、100%的处理,研究土壤增氮对Bt棉棉铃对位叶杀虫蛋白表达量影响。结果表明,2个类型品种棉铃对位叶中Bt杀虫蛋白含量均随增施氮量提高呈一直增加的特征,与对照相比,施氮量增加25%~100%,棉铃对位叶Bt杀虫蛋白增加6.1%~96.9%。氮代谢生理机制进一步表明,棉铃对位叶中可溶性蛋白含量、游离氨基酸含量、谷氨酸丙酮酸转氨酶活性和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性的变化趋势与Bt蛋白含量表现一致,而蛋白质分解关键酶(蛋白酶、肽酶)活性则随施氮量的增加呈下降趋势。叶面积指数(LAI)随增施氮量的提高而增大,而产量则随土壤氮量的增加呈先升高后降低特征,最适LAI和产量最大值均出现在常规施氮的1.25倍(375 kg hm^(-2))。综上,在常规施氮基础上适量增施氮肥有利于棉铃对位叶中Bt蛋白的合成、最适LAI的形成和产量的提高,有利于实现Bt棉丰产性和抗虫性协同表达。

Enhancing boll protein synthesis and carbohydrate conversion by the application of exogenous amino acids at the peak flowering stage increased the boll Bt toxin concentration and lint yield in cotton

In Bacillus thuringenesis(Bt) transgenic cotton, the cotton boll has the lowest insecticidal protein content when compared to the other organs. The present study investigated the effects of amino acid spray application at the peak flowering stage on the cotton boll Bt toxin concentration and yield formation. Boll protein synthesis and carbohydrate conversion were also studied to reveal the fundamental mechanism. Three treatments(i.e., CK, the untreated control;LA1, five amino acids;LA2, 21 amino acids) were applied to two Bt cultivars of G. hirsutum(i.e., the hybrid Sikang 3 and the conventional Sikang 1) in the cotton-growing seasons during 2017 and 2018. Amino acid spray application at the peak flowering stage resulted in an increase of 5.2–16.4% in the boll Bt protein concentration and an increase of 5.5–11.3%in the seed cotton yield, but there was no difference between the two amino acid treatments. In addition, amino acid applications led to increases in the amino acid content, soluble protein content, glutamate pyruvate transaminase(GPT)activity, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase(GOT) activity, glucose content, fructose content and soluble acid invertase(SAI) activity. This study also found that Bt protein content, enhanced boll number and the weight of opened bolls were closely related to carbon and nitrogen metabolism. The Bt protein content had significant linear positive correlations with amino acid and soluble protein contents. Enhanced boll number had significant linear positive correlations with the GPT and GOT activities from 15–25 days after flowering(DAF). The weight of opened bolls from 55–65 DAF had a significant linear positive correlation with the SAI activity. These results indicate that the enhancement of boll protein synthesis and carbohydrate conversion by amino acid application resulted in a simultaneous increase in the boll Bt protein concentration and cotton lint yield.

新生儿重症监护室医院内感染主要病原菌构成、分布特征与护理干预

目的探究新生儿重症监护室(NICU)院内感染主要病原菌构成及特点,为控制及预防NICU院内感染提供参考。方法选取本院2017年5月至2020年1月NICU的新生儿1905例,检测新生儿病原菌种类,分析其分布特征。结果NICU新生儿感染207例(10.87%),病原菌培养分离发现共计210株。其中,革兰阴性菌132株(62.86%),包括肺炎克雷伯菌51株,大肠埃希菌46株,鲍曼不动杆菌35株;革兰阳性菌60株(28.57%),包括表皮葡萄球菌36株,溶血葡萄球菌24株。病毒感染为轮状病毒10株(4.76%);真菌为热带假丝酵母菌8株(3.81%)。感染部位:呼吸道71例、肠道51例、血流48例、泌尿系统22例、皮肤软组织8例、心血管系统3例、其他4例。结论为降低新生儿重症监护室感染,应针对以上病原菌及感染部位,采取相应护理措施,以降低感染率。

高密度重化控技术对小麦后直播棉花成铃时空分布的调控

以特早熟棉花品种国欣12-1为材料,在江苏省扬州市小麦后直播方式下探讨高密度(1 hm^2120 000～150 000株)配合重化控技术(缩节胺施用量240～480 g/hm^2)对棉花集中成铃的影响。结果表明,在1 hm^2150 000株密度下配合使用240 g/hm^2缩节胺可获得较高籽棉产量,2016年、2017年分别达到3 415.5 kg/hm^2、4 416.3kg/hm^2。在此处理组合下实现棉铃在7月20日至8月30日集中成铃,且成铃部位在棉株顶部向下50 cm内。因此,高密度配合适宜化控技术可实现小麦后直播方式下集中成铃于棉株中上部,从而为机械化采收奠定基础。

经皮射频消融治疗复发性肝癌的疗效及预后因素分析

目的探究原发性肝癌术后复发行经皮射频消融(RFA)后的疗效、生存率及其影响因素。方法回顾性分析2012年6月至2016年6月郑州大学第一附属医院行手术切除的原发性肝癌术后复发的67例患者临床资料,采用统计软件SPSS 21.0分析,生存曲线采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制,组间比较采用LogRank检验,Cox风险比例模型进行预后因素分析。结果 67例术后复发的肝癌患者经皮RFA治疗后1、3、5年总体生存率分别为94%、62%、50%,1、3、5年无瘤总体生存率分别为56%、39%、26%。根据肝癌切除术后复发的肿瘤直径分为小肝癌组(≤3 cm,n=47)和中肝癌组(>3 cm且≤5 cm,n=20),小肝癌组及中肝癌组行经皮RFA治疗后1、3、5年生存率分别为98%、67%、54%及86%、55%、40%,小肝癌组的生存率明显高于中肝癌组(P=0.007)。通过Cox模型多因素分析,结果显示复发病灶直径、术后甲胎蛋白(AFP)水平是影响患者经皮RFA后生存时间的危险因素。结论经皮RFA治疗术后复发性肝癌疗效确切,能以较小的创伤达到治疗的目的,小肝癌及术后AFP低行RFA预后更好。

1614号台风“莫兰蒂”在厦门湾及其周边海域引发风暴潮的数值模拟

基于FVCOM风暴潮模式,利用重建的台风风场资料,模拟了1614号台风“莫兰蒂”过程中厦门湾及其附近海域的风暴潮。结果表明:该模式能够较为准确地再现此次台风风暴潮过程。利用模拟结果分析了风场、风生流场和增水高度在台风过程中的特征,结论如下:(1)台风“莫兰蒂”造成闽南沿海大范围的增水。台风风场的时空变化是造成风生流流向和流速发生改变的主要原因。增水大值区分布特征与风生流方向较为一致,当岸线走向与风生流流向近乎垂直时往往容易出现显著增水;(2)平潭、厦门和东山站点风暴潮的余振振幅均大于先兆波动,其中厦门站振幅最强;(3)台风过程中最大增水区主要与台风风场和岸线特征有关,分布在台风东北象限和中心等向岸风长时间作用的区域。最大减水区主要与风场有关,往往出现在离岸风长时间作用的区域。

几种灭蟑毒饵对德国小蠊的实验室灭效观察

目的了解常见市售灭蟑毒饵对德国小蠊的杀灭效果,为现场防治用药提供参考依据。方法参照国家标准(GB/T 13917.7-2009),进行室内药效测定。结果 16种市售蟑螂毒饵中,杀蟑效果较突出的是0.05%氟虫腈颗粒毒饵(编号G1)和2%氟蚁腙胶饵(编号G9),7 d死亡率均达到100%且LT_(50)为1.56和0.98 d,LT_(95)达到4.81和3.80 d;0.05%氟虫腈颗粒饵(编号G2),0.05%氟虫腈胶饵(编号分别为G5,G7)和2.15%吡虫啉胶饵(编号G12),7 d死亡率均达到90%以上且LT_(50)小于2 d,LT_(95)大于7 d,杀虫效果良好;有3种杀虫药剂灭蟑效果稍差,分别是2种0.05%氟虫腈胶饵和2.15%吡虫啉胶饵(编号分别为G4,G6,G13),7d死亡率均低于70%且LT_(50)均大于4 d。结论大部分市售蟑螂毒饵灭蟑性能良好,3种灭效较差的剂型均为胶饵,实际使用中建议根据现场情况,轮换使用不同有效成分、不同剂型的毒饵,及时补充消耗毒饵,注意胶饵的保湿型,达到有效防控的目的。

石英音叉传感器测量流体密度和黏度的研究

文中基于石英音叉传感器测量流体密度和黏度的理论,搭建了实验测试平台,验证了该传感器可同时测量流体密度和黏度的可行性。另外,实验测量了石英音叉谐振频率受温度影响的程度,为石英音叉传感器在更高温度下测量流体的密度和黏度提供温度校准依据。实验结果表明:当流体温度20~80℃变化时,石英音叉传感器测量5种流体密度的相对误差基本都小于1.0%,绝大部分流体黏度的相对误差小于10%。该实验为提高井下流体成分识别的准确性提供了思路,为小型化、低成本的井下流体密度和黏度传感器的应用奠定了基础。

荞麦包联合红外线治疗肾性下肢水肿临床观察

【目的】观察荞麦壳药包(简称荞麦包)外敷联合红外线照射治疗肾性下肢水肿的临床疗效。【方法】将63例肾性下肢水肿患者随机分为对照组31例和治疗组32例。对照组给予西医常规治疗,治疗组在对照组基础上给予荞麦包外敷联合红外线照射治疗,疗程为15 d。观察2组患者治疗前后体质量指标和小腿围指标的变化情况,并评价2组患者的临床疗效。【结果】(1)治疗1个疗程后,治疗组的总有效率为81.25%(26/32),对照组为61.29%(19/31),组间比较,治疗组的疗效明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(2)治疗后,2组患者的体质量指标和小腿围指标均治疗前明显降低(P<0.05),且治疗组对体质量指标和小腿围指标的降低作用均明显优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。【结论】在西医常规治疗的基础上应用荞麦包外敷联合红外线照射治疗肾性下肢水肿疗效确切,其疗效优于单纯西医常规治疗。

从内涵到外延——翻译文学中“复译”一词在日语中的对应

一部经典的作品常常会随着时代的发展而出现多个新的译本,这个过程及其结果我们称之为复译。"复译"一词从其内涵与外延来看如何在日语中找到恰当对应词,却并非容易。有相当一部分人将日语中的"重訳"理解成是中文里的"复译",这其实是错误的。我们从翻译文学的角度,从中文"复译"一词的内涵与外延出发,尝试分析并找出在日语中与"复译"对应最恰当的词。

Effects of Extreme Air Temperature and Humidity on the Insecticidal Expression Level of Bt Cotton

The higher survival rates of Helicoverpa amigera larvae were usually observed after adverse climate which was related to extreme temperature （T） and relative humidity （RH） stresses in transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis （Bt） cotton. The unstable resistance of Bt cotton to bollworms has been correlated with the reduced expression of CrylAc δ-endotoxin. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of combined temperature and relative humidity stresses on the leaf CrylAc insecticidal protein expression during critical developmental stages. The study was undertaken on two transgenic cotton cultivars that share same parental background, Sikang 1 （a conventional cultivar） and Sikang 3 （a hybrid cultivar）, during the 2007 and 2008 growing seasons at the Yangzhou University Farm, Yangzhou, China. The study was arranged with two factors that consisted of temperature （two levels） and relative humidity （three levels）. The six T/RH treatments were 37℃/95%, 37℃/70%, 37℃/50%, 18℃/95%, 18℃/70%, and 18℃/50%. In 2007, the six treatments were imposed to the plants at peak flowering stage for 24 h; in 2008, the six treatments were applied to the plants at peak square, peak flowering, and peak boll stages for 48 h. The results of the study indicated that the leaf insecticidal protein expression in CrylAc was significantly affected by extreme temperature only at peak flowering stage, and by both extreme temperature and relative humidity during boll filling stage. The greatest reductions were observed when the stresses were applied at peak boll stage. In 2008, after 48 h stress treatment, the leaf Bt endotoxin expression reduced by 25.9-36.7 and 23.6-40.5% at peak boll stage, but only by 14.9-26.5 and 12.8-24.0% at peak flowering stage for Sikang 1 and Sikang 3, respectively. The greatest reduction was found under the low temperature combined with low relative humidity condition for both years. It is believed that the temperature and relative humidity stresses may be attributed to the reduced efficacy of Bt cotton in growing conditions in China, where extreme temperatures often increase up to 35-40℃ and/or decrease down to 15-20℃, and relative humidity may reach to 85-95% and/or reduce to 40-55% during the cotton growing season.

Relationship Between Leaf C/N Ratio and Insecticidal Protein Expression in Bt Cotton as Affected by High Temperature and N Rate

Expression of insecticidal protein for transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis （Bt） cotton is unstable and related to nitrogen metabolism. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between leaf carbon nitrogen ratio （C/N） and insecticidal efficacy of two Bt cotton cultivars. C/N ratio and Bt protein content were both measured at peak square period and peak boll period respectively under 5-7 d high temperature and different nitrogen fertilizer rates on the Yangzhou University Farm and the Ludong Cotton Farm, China. All plants were grown in field. The results showed that the C/N ratio enhanced slightly and the Bt protein content remained stable at peak square period, but significant increases for the C/N ratio and decreases markedly for the leaf Bt protein concentration were detected at the peak boll period. The similar patterns at the two growth periods were found for the leaf C/N ratio and Bt protein content by different N fertilizer treatments. When nitrogen rate was from 0 to 600 kg ha-l, the C/N ratio was reduced by 0.017 and 0.006 for Sikang 1 and Sikang 3 at peak square period, compared to the 1.350 to 1.143 reduction for Sikang 1 and Sikang 3 at peak boll period, respectively. Correspondingly, the leaf Bt protein contents were bolstered by 2.6-11.8 and 26.9-36.9% at the two different growth periods, respectively. The results suggested that enhanced C/N ratio by high temperature and nitrogen application may result in the reduction of inseetiocidal efficacy in Bt cotton, especially in peak boll period.

Reduced square Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein content of transgenic cotton under N deficit

To clarify the effect of the N deficit on the amount of square Bt insecticidal protein, different N application rates(0, 75, 150, 225, and 300 kg ha^–1) were imposed on the conventional cultivar Sikang 1(SK-1) and hybrid cultivar Sikang 3(SK-3) during 2015–2016 cotton growth seasons. Under different N application rates, the square number per plant, square volume and square dry weight reduced when the N rates decreased from conventional rate(300 kg ha^–1) to 0 kg ha^–1. And the square Bt protein content decreased accordingly. The analysis of N metabolism showed that soluble protein content, GPT and GOT activities decreased, free amino acid, peptidase and protease activities increased under N deficit. Correlation analysis indicated that the reduced Bt protein content under N deficit was related to altered N metabolism. In conclusion, square development and the amount of square Bt toxin both decreased under N deficit, indicating that promoting the square development under appropriate N application rate would also promote the insect resistance during squaring stage.

The effects of high temperature level on square Bt protein concen-tration of Bt cotton

Higher boll worm survival rates were detected after high temperature presented during square period in Bt cotton. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of high temperature level on the Bt efficacy of two different types of Bt cotton cultivars at squaring stage. During the 2011 to 2013 cotton growth seasons, high temperature treatments ranged from 34 to 44°C in climate chambers, and field experiments under high temperature weather with various temperature levels were conducted to investigate the effects of the high temperature level on square Bt protein concentration and nitrogen metabolism. The climate chamber experiments showed that the square insecticidal protein contents reduced after 24 h elevated temperature treatments for both cultivars, whereas significant declines of the square insecticidal protein contents were detected at temperature 〉38°C, and only slightly numerical reductions were observed when temperature below 38°C. Similar high temperature responses were also observed at the two field experimental sites in 2013. Correspondingly, high temperature below 38°C seems have little effect on the square amino acid concentrations, soluble protein contents, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase（GPT） and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase（GOT） activities as well as protease and peptidase activities; however, when the temperature was above 38°C, reduced soluble protein contents, enhanced amino acid concentrations, decreased GPT and GOT activities, bolstered protease and peptidase activities in square were detected. In general, the higher the temperature is（〉38°C）, the larger the changes for the above compound contents and key enzymes activities of the square protein cycle. The findings indicated that the unstable insect resistance of the square was related to high temperature level during square stage.

Ethylene-inhibiting compound 1-MCP delays leaf senescence in cotton plants under abiotic stress conditions

Cotton （Gossypium hirsutum L.） plants produce more ethylene when subjected to abiotic stresses, such as high temperatures and drought, which result in premature leaf senescence, reduced photosynthetic efficiency, and thus decreased yield. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that the ethylene-inhibiting compound 1-methylcyclopropene （I-MCP） treatment of cotton plants can delay leaf senescence under high temperature, drought, and the aging process in controlled environ- mental conditions. Potted cotton plants were exposed to 1-MCP treatment at the early square stage of development. The protective effect of 1-MCP against membrane damage was found on older compared to younger leaves, indicating 1-MCP could lower the stress level caused by aging. Application of 1-MCP resulted in reduction of lipid peroxidation, membrane leakage, soluble sugar content, and increased chlorophyll content, in contrast to the untreated plants under heat stress, suggesting that 1-MCP treatment of cotton plants may also have the potential to reduce the effect of heat stress in terms of delayed senescence. Application of 1-MCP caused reductions of lipid peroxidation, membrane leakage, and soluble sugar content, together with increases in water use efficiency （WUE）, water potential, chlorophyll content, and fluorescence quantum efficiency, compared to the untreated plants under drought, suggesting that 1-MCP treatment of cotton plants may also have the ability to reduce the level of stress under drought conditions. In conclusion, 1-MCP treatment of cotton should have the potential to delay senescence under heat and drought stress, and the aging process. Additionally, 1-MCP is more effective under stress than under non-stress conditions.

锌电解自动剥板机在云南某冶炼厂的应用

大极板锌电积生产工艺与现有小极板电积工艺相比,具有电耗低、自动化水平高、操作环境好等优点,代表湿法炼锌工艺的发展方向。重点介绍了自动剥板系统在云南某冶炼厂的使用情况,以及进口与国产设备实际使用中的优缺点:进口设备在前端电解工艺参数较好的时候,剥离效率较高,而国产设备对前端电解工艺适应性好,自动化程度、可靠性更强。

Nitrogen spraying affects seed Bt toxin concentration and yield in Bt cotton

Cotton bolls exhibit the lowest insecticidal efficacy among all organs of Bt cotton,which would ultimately affect the yield formation.The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different urea concentrations on the seed Bt protein contents,seed cotton yield and the corresponding protein metabolism mechanism.The experiments were conducted during 2017–2018 cotton growing seasons.Two cultivars,Sikang 3(hybrid,SK3)and Sikang 1(conventional,SK1),were treated with six urea concentrations and their seed Bt protein contents were compared during boll formation period.The urea spray concentration had a significant effect on the seed Bt toxin content and seed cotton yield.Spraying of either 5 or 6%urea led to higher insecticidal protein contents and higher seed cotton yield for both cultivars.Moreover,the highest amino acid and soluble protein contents,as well as GPT and GOT activities,and lower protease and peptidase activities were observed at the 5 to 6%urea levels.Significant positive correlations between the seed Bt toxin and amino acid contents,and between the seed Bt toxin content and GPT activities were detected.The lower boll worm number and hazard boll rate were also observed with the 5 to 6%urea treatments,which may be the reason why nitrogen spraying increased the seed cotton yield.Therefore,our results suggested that the seed Bt toxin content and insect resistance were impacted markedly by external nitrogen application,and 5 to 6%urea had the greatest effect on insect resistance.

Rough interfaces and ultrasonic imaging logging behind casing

Ultrasonic leaky Lamb waves are sensitive to defects and debonding in multilayer media. In this study, we use the finite-difference method to simulate the response of flexural waves in the presence of defects owing to casing corrosion and rough fluctuations at the cement-formation interface. The ultrasonic obliquely incidence could effectively stimulate the flexural waves. The defects owing to casing corrosion change the amplitude of the early- arrival flexural wave, which gradually decrease with increasing defect thickness on the exterior walls and is the lowest when the defect length and wavelength were comparable. The scattering at the defects decreases the energy of flexural waves in the casing that leaks directly to fluids. For rough cement-formation interface, the early-arrival flexural waves do not change, whereas the late-arrival flexural waves have reduced amplitude owing to the scattering at rough interface.