中国棉花生产格局与施肥研究现状——基于CNKI数据计量分析

基于我国棉花产业格局和棉花种植"减肥减药"新形势,探究我国棉花种植发展、棉花生产格局转变对棉花施肥研究态势的影响。以中国知网(CNKI)数据库为信息来源,采用文献计量方法分析棉花研究文献发表量、研究机构、发表类型、来源出版物、棉花施肥研究关注领域和棉花主产区的肥料施用量。统计数据表明,近10年,我国棉花种植面积和皮棉产量持续下降,尤以长江流域棉区和黄河流域棉区减幅最大,新疆植棉优势地位显著提高。CNKI数据显示,1995-2018年国内棉花施肥研究年发文数量呈显著增加趋势。从发文机构地域来看,三大棉区均有分布,且新疆地区优势更明显;而发文类型以技术应用为主。当前棉花施肥研究仍以棉花产量、纤维品质和肥料用量为核心,并逐渐延伸到施肥技术、养分动态和环境效应。与国家推荐肥料用量相比,当前三大棉花产区的施肥用量偏高,仍有降低的空间,尤其西北内陆棉区,常规灌溉施肥用量较高,采用膜下滴灌技术可显著降低氮磷钾肥料施用量。从水资源分配和生态建设视角来看,旱作区棉花种植规模不宜过度扩大;应围绕棉花轻简化生产,在稳产和减肥条件下提高水肥利用效率。

麦秆还田对直播和移栽棉花产量及氮素吸收的影响

为明确长江流域棉区植棉对麦秆还田的响应及其对麦秆中氮素的吸收利用效果,采用田间试验,设置棉花直播冬小麦秸秆不还田(D-S)、棉花直播冬小麦秸秆还田(D+S)、棉花移栽冬小麦秸秆不还田(P-S)和棉花移栽冬小麦秸秆还田(P+S)4个处理。利用15N同位素示踪技术研究麦秆还田对直播和移栽棉花的产量、生物量、氮素吸收及秸秆氮利用率的影响。结果显示,麦秆还田可不同程度地增加直播和移栽棉花的产量、秸秆生物量和根系生物量。直播条件下,麦秆还田后棉花籽棉产量、叶片、茎秆、棉壳和根系生物量的增幅分别为7.8%、3.7%、4.6%、3.4%和14.6%;移栽条件下,麦秆还田后棉花产量及各部位生物量的增幅分别为5.9%、5.2%、5.6%、7.4%和7.9%。从棉花生物量和产量来看,各处理均表现为P+S>P-S>D+S>D-S。收获期,与麦秆不还田相比,麦秆还田后直播和移栽棉花的根系数、果枝数、叶片数、叶片SPAD、单株铃数和单铃重均有明显增加,而株高、根茎粗和衣分的差异并不显著。与D-S处理相比,D+S、P-S和P+S处理的棉株氮素吸收量分别增加14.4、34.6和51.1 kg·hm^(-2),增幅达到9.0%、21.8%和32.2%。表观法和15N示踪法得出棉花季麦秆氮素的平均回收率分别为22.3%和11.5%,且移栽棉花对麦秆氮素的利用率高于直播棉花,表明棉花季大部分小麦秸秆氮素残留在土壤中。因此,在长江流域麦-棉轮作区,积极开展麦秆还田技术可增加直播、移栽棉花的产量和棉株氮素吸收,并减少化学氮肥施用,从而提高秸秆氮素养分的循环利用效率。研究可为作物秸秆资源利用和棉花季氮肥科学减量施用提供参考依据。

Effects of Long-term K Fertilizer Application on the Crop Yield and K Distribution of Soil Aggregates in a Paddy-Upland Rotation System

[Objective]A long-term paddy-upland experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of the recommended amount of potassium( K)fertilizer on crop yield,distribution of soil aggregate,and soil available K content. It was mainly to ascertain the distribution of K in the soil aggregate components in the paddy-upland rotation system,and then to provide theoretical basis for soil structure improvement,K pool management,and reasonable application of K fertilizer. [Method]There were 2 treatments selected,namely,NP(-K) treatment and NPK( + K) treatment in this study. Then the effects of K fertilizer application on the yield,available K content,and aggregate distribution in the middle rice-winter rape rotation system were analyzed. [Result]The results showed that the output of the crop rotation was affected by the year and fertilization. Compared with NP(-K),the average yield increases of rice and winter rape after application of K fertilizer were 0.51 and 0.33 t/hm2,with the increments of 7.5%and 14. 1% respectively. The long-term application of K fertilizer( 7 a) had no significant effects on the distribution of soil aggregates but could significantly increase the water-soluble K content and available K content at depths of 20-30 and 30-40 cm,and available K content of aggregates in each particle size. In addition,the balance of available K at the 10-20 and 30-40 cm of soil layers was the most significant through calculation of surplus-deficit value of available K in agglomerates of different soil layers. [Conclusion]Compared with the initial available K content in the farmland in 2011,the current K fertilizer application could lead to that farmland K content continues to decline. Therefore,we should pay attention to straw returned and supplement of organic K fertilizer,to maintain crop rotation system's productivity and soil K balance.