BACKGROUND Hydrogen sulfide(H2S)is a recently discovered gaseous neurotransmitter in the nervous and gastrointestinal systems.It exerts its effects through multiple signaling pathways,impacting various physiological a...BACKGROUND Hydrogen sulfide(H2S)is a recently discovered gaseous neurotransmitter in the nervous and gastrointestinal systems.It exerts its effects through multiple signaling pathways,impacting various physiological activities.The nucleus tractus solitarius(NTS),a vital nucleus involved in visceral sensation,was investigated in this study to understand the role of H2S in regulating gastric function in rats.AIM To examine whether H2S affects the nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB)and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 pathways and the neurokinin 1(NK1)receptor in the NTS.METHODS Immunohistochemical and fluorescent double-labeling techniques were employed to identify cystathionine beta-synthase(CBS)and c-Fos co-expressed positive neurons in the NTS during rat stress.Gastric motility curves were recorded by inserting a pressure-sensing balloon into the pylorus through the stomach fundus.Changes in gastric motility were observed before and after injecting different doses of NaHS(4 nmol and 8 nmol),physiological saline,Capsazepine(4 nmol)+NaHS(4 nmol),pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate(PDTC,4 nmol)+NaHS(4 nmol),and L703606(4 nmol)+NaHS(4 nmol).RESULTS We identified a significant increase in the co-expression of c-Fos and CBS positive neurons in the NTS after 1 h and 3 h of restraint water-immersion stress compared to the expressions observed in the control group.Intra-NTS injection of NaHS at different doses significantly inhibited gastric motility in rats(P<0.01).However,injection of saline,first injection NF-κB inhibitor PDTC or transient receptor potential vanilloid 1(TRPV1)antagonist Capsazepine or NK1 receptor blockers L703606 and then injection NaHS did not produce significant changes(P>0.05).CONCLUSION NTS contains neurons co-expressing CBS and c-Fos,and the injection of NaHS into the NTS can suppress gastric motility in rats.This effect may be mediated by activating TRPV1 and NK1 receptors via the NF-κB channel.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the inflammatory amplification effect of high-mobility group box 1(HMGB1) in Aspergillus fumigatus(A. fumigatus) keratitis and the relationship between lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein ...AIM: To investigate the inflammatory amplification effect of high-mobility group box 1(HMGB1) in Aspergillus fumigatus(A. fumigatus) keratitis and the relationship between lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1(LOX-1) and HMGB1 in keratitis immune responses.METHODS: Phosphate buffer saline(PBS), and Boxb were injected into BALB/c mice subconjunctivally before the corneas were infected with A. fumigatus. RAW264.7 macrophages and neutrophils were pretreated with PBS and Boxb to determine the HMGB1 inflammatory amplification effects. Abdominal cavity extracted macrophages were pretreated with Boxb and Poly(I)(a LOX-1 inhibitor) before A. fumigatus hyphae stimulation to prove the the relationship between the two molecules. LOX-1, interleukin-1β(IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), macrophage inflammatory protein-2(MIP-2) and IL-10 were assessed by polymerase chain reaction and Western blot.RESULTS: Pretreatment with Boxb exacerbated corneal inflammation. In macrophages and neutrophils, A. fumigatus induced LOX-1, IL-1β, TNF-α and MIP-2 expression in Boxb group was higher than those in PBS group. Poly(I) treatments before infection alleviated the proinflammatory effects of Boxb in abdominal cavity extracted macrophages. Pretreatment with Boxb did not influence Dectin-1 mRNA levels in macrophages and neutrophils.CONCLUSION: In fungal keratitis, HMGB1 is a proinflammatory factor in the first line of immune response. HMGB1 mainly stimulates neutrophils and macrophages to produce inflammatory cytokines and chemokines during the immune response. LOX-1 participates in HMGB1 induced inflammatory exacerbation in A. fumigatus keratitis.展开更多
The flow behavior of three-dimensional(3D)dendrite growth with random preferred angle under natural convection was studied by using the Lattice Boltzmann-Cellular Automata(LB-CA)method with dynamic and static grids.In...The flow behavior of three-dimensional(3D)dendrite growth with random preferred angle under natural convection was studied by using the Lattice Boltzmann-Cellular Automata(LB-CA)method with dynamic and static grids.In this model,the temperature field,flow field and solute field calculated by Lattice Boltzmann method(LBM)and dendrite growth calculated by CA method were carried out in static and dynamic grids respectively,and the coupling between LBM and CA was performed by interpolation of calculation parameters between dynamic and static grids.Results show that the asymmetry of solid phase distribution makes the streamline distribution more complex.At the initial stage of multiple dendrites growth,the fluid flow is relatively free.When dendrites grow close to each other,the fluid flow is blocked and can only flow along the gap between dendrites.During the wall equiaxed-columnar-central equiaxed crystals transformation(ECET)process,dense eddy current is formed at the wall equiaxed crystals at first.Then,when the wall equiaxed crystals gradually develop into columnar crystals,the eddy current moves with the solid-liquid interface.When the central equiaxed crystals are formed,the eddy current at the front of the columnar crystals gradually disappears.New eddies appear as the central equiaxed crystal grows.展开更多
AIM: To determine the disparate expression of autophagy in the Aspergillus fumigatus(A. fumigatus) keratitis between susceptible C57 BL/6 mice and resistant BALB/c mice.METHODS: C57 BL/6 and BALB/c mice were used to e...AIM: To determine the disparate expression of autophagy in the Aspergillus fumigatus(A. fumigatus) keratitis between susceptible C57 BL/6 mice and resistant BALB/c mice.METHODS: C57 BL/6 and BALB/c mice were used to establish fungal keratitis models. Disease severity and inflammatory response were observed by slit lamp microscopy in A. fumigatus-infected corneas of C57 BL/6 and BALB/c mice at 1, 3 and 5 d. Hematoxylin-eosin(H&E) staining was used to detect pathological changes of corneas. The expression of autophagy-related proteins Beclin-1, LC3, SQSTM1/p62, and LAMP-1 was assessed by Western blot in C57 BL/6 and BALB/c mice at 1, 3 and 5 d post infection(p.i.). Immunofluorescent staining was used to test the expression of LC3 in corneas after A. fumigatus infection.RESULTS: Keratitis severity was higher in C57 BL/6 mice versus BALB/c mice at 1, 3 and 5 d p.i. H&E staining showed that the number of inflammatory cells was larger and the severity of ulcer was higher in C57 BL/6 mice than in BALB/c mice after stimulation with A. fumigatus. Higher expression of LAMP-1, Beclin-1, and LC3 was shown in C57 BL/6 mice corneas than in BALB/c mice corneas at 1, 3 and 5 d p.i., while the expression of p62 was lower in C57 BL/6 mice. The fluorescence of LC3 was significantly increased in corneas of C57 BL/6 mice compared with BALB/c mice after A. fumigatus infection.CONCLUSION: The expression of autophagy is higher in corneas of C57 BL/6 mice than in BALB/c mice afterA. fumigatus infection. Autophagy may be positively correlated with keratitis severity and pathological changes.展开更多
基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,No.ZR2019MC020。
文摘BACKGROUND Hydrogen sulfide(H2S)is a recently discovered gaseous neurotransmitter in the nervous and gastrointestinal systems.It exerts its effects through multiple signaling pathways,impacting various physiological activities.The nucleus tractus solitarius(NTS),a vital nucleus involved in visceral sensation,was investigated in this study to understand the role of H2S in regulating gastric function in rats.AIM To examine whether H2S affects the nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB)and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 pathways and the neurokinin 1(NK1)receptor in the NTS.METHODS Immunohistochemical and fluorescent double-labeling techniques were employed to identify cystathionine beta-synthase(CBS)and c-Fos co-expressed positive neurons in the NTS during rat stress.Gastric motility curves were recorded by inserting a pressure-sensing balloon into the pylorus through the stomach fundus.Changes in gastric motility were observed before and after injecting different doses of NaHS(4 nmol and 8 nmol),physiological saline,Capsazepine(4 nmol)+NaHS(4 nmol),pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate(PDTC,4 nmol)+NaHS(4 nmol),and L703606(4 nmol)+NaHS(4 nmol).RESULTS We identified a significant increase in the co-expression of c-Fos and CBS positive neurons in the NTS after 1 h and 3 h of restraint water-immersion stress compared to the expressions observed in the control group.Intra-NTS injection of NaHS at different doses significantly inhibited gastric motility in rats(P<0.01).However,injection of saline,first injection NF-κB inhibitor PDTC or transient receptor potential vanilloid 1(TRPV1)antagonist Capsazepine or NK1 receptor blockers L703606 and then injection NaHS did not produce significant changes(P>0.05).CONCLUSION NTS contains neurons co-expressing CBS and c-Fos,and the injection of NaHS into the NTS can suppress gastric motility in rats.This effect may be mediated by activating TRPV1 and NK1 receptors via the NF-κB channel.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81470609 No.81500695+5 种基金 No.81700800 No.81870632 No.81800800)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2017BH025 No.ZR2017MH008 No.ZR2013HQ007)
文摘AIM: To investigate the inflammatory amplification effect of high-mobility group box 1(HMGB1) in Aspergillus fumigatus(A. fumigatus) keratitis and the relationship between lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1(LOX-1) and HMGB1 in keratitis immune responses.METHODS: Phosphate buffer saline(PBS), and Boxb were injected into BALB/c mice subconjunctivally before the corneas were infected with A. fumigatus. RAW264.7 macrophages and neutrophils were pretreated with PBS and Boxb to determine the HMGB1 inflammatory amplification effects. Abdominal cavity extracted macrophages were pretreated with Boxb and Poly(I)(a LOX-1 inhibitor) before A. fumigatus hyphae stimulation to prove the the relationship between the two molecules. LOX-1, interleukin-1β(IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), macrophage inflammatory protein-2(MIP-2) and IL-10 were assessed by polymerase chain reaction and Western blot.RESULTS: Pretreatment with Boxb exacerbated corneal inflammation. In macrophages and neutrophils, A. fumigatus induced LOX-1, IL-1β, TNF-α and MIP-2 expression in Boxb group was higher than those in PBS group. Poly(I) treatments before infection alleviated the proinflammatory effects of Boxb in abdominal cavity extracted macrophages. Pretreatment with Boxb did not influence Dectin-1 mRNA levels in macrophages and neutrophils.CONCLUSION: In fungal keratitis, HMGB1 is a proinflammatory factor in the first line of immune response. HMGB1 mainly stimulates neutrophils and macrophages to produce inflammatory cytokines and chemokines during the immune response. LOX-1 participates in HMGB1 induced inflammatory exacerbation in A. fumigatus keratitis.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51475138 and 51975182)
文摘The flow behavior of three-dimensional(3D)dendrite growth with random preferred angle under natural convection was studied by using the Lattice Boltzmann-Cellular Automata(LB-CA)method with dynamic and static grids.In this model,the temperature field,flow field and solute field calculated by Lattice Boltzmann method(LBM)and dendrite growth calculated by CA method were carried out in static and dynamic grids respectively,and the coupling between LBM and CA was performed by interpolation of calculation parameters between dynamic and static grids.Results show that the asymmetry of solid phase distribution makes the streamline distribution more complex.At the initial stage of multiple dendrites growth,the fluid flow is relatively free.When dendrites grow close to each other,the fluid flow is blocked and can only flow along the gap between dendrites.During the wall equiaxed-columnar-central equiaxed crystals transformation(ECET)process,dense eddy current is formed at the wall equiaxed crystals at first.Then,when the wall equiaxed crystals gradually develop into columnar crystals,the eddy current moves with the solid-liquid interface.When the central equiaxed crystals are formed,the eddy current at the front of the columnar crystals gradually disappears.New eddies appear as the central equiaxed crystal grows.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.81470609 No.81500695+5 种基金 No.81700800 No.81870632 No.81800800)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (No.ZR2017BH025 No.ZR2017MH008 No.ZR2013HQ007)
文摘AIM: To determine the disparate expression of autophagy in the Aspergillus fumigatus(A. fumigatus) keratitis between susceptible C57 BL/6 mice and resistant BALB/c mice.METHODS: C57 BL/6 and BALB/c mice were used to establish fungal keratitis models. Disease severity and inflammatory response were observed by slit lamp microscopy in A. fumigatus-infected corneas of C57 BL/6 and BALB/c mice at 1, 3 and 5 d. Hematoxylin-eosin(H&E) staining was used to detect pathological changes of corneas. The expression of autophagy-related proteins Beclin-1, LC3, SQSTM1/p62, and LAMP-1 was assessed by Western blot in C57 BL/6 and BALB/c mice at 1, 3 and 5 d post infection(p.i.). Immunofluorescent staining was used to test the expression of LC3 in corneas after A. fumigatus infection.RESULTS: Keratitis severity was higher in C57 BL/6 mice versus BALB/c mice at 1, 3 and 5 d p.i. H&E staining showed that the number of inflammatory cells was larger and the severity of ulcer was higher in C57 BL/6 mice than in BALB/c mice after stimulation with A. fumigatus. Higher expression of LAMP-1, Beclin-1, and LC3 was shown in C57 BL/6 mice corneas than in BALB/c mice corneas at 1, 3 and 5 d p.i., while the expression of p62 was lower in C57 BL/6 mice. The fluorescence of LC3 was significantly increased in corneas of C57 BL/6 mice compared with BALB/c mice after A. fumigatus infection.CONCLUSION: The expression of autophagy is higher in corneas of C57 BL/6 mice than in BALB/c mice afterA. fumigatus infection. Autophagy may be positively correlated with keratitis severity and pathological changes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51279175)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LZ16E090001)the Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety,Tianjin University,China(No.HESS-1505)