Complementary multicolor electrochromic devices with excellent stability based on porous tin oxide nanosheet scaffold

Electrochromic devices(ECDs)have been extensively investigated as promising candidates in broad cutting-edge applications,such as smart windows,electronic labels,adaptive camouflage,etc.However,they have suffered from either inadequate color variations or poor cycling stability for a long time.Herein,we developed a general strategy to boost the cyclic stability and enrich the color variations of ECDs by scrupulous design of the composition and nanostructure of electrodes,in which porous tin oxide(SnO_(2))nanosheets serve as the scaffold and typical metal oxides or conducting polymers as the active electrochromic materials.Various electrochromic composite materials,including polyaniline(PANI)@SnO_(2),V2O5@SnO_(2),and WO_(3)@SnO_(2) heterostructured nanoarrays were prepared by the facile wet-chemical method.These composite electrodes exhibit remarkable electrochromic performances,e.g.,superior cycling stability(more than 2000 cycles),rich color variations(more than 5 colors for PANI@SnO_(2)),and enlarged optical modulation.These excellent performances account for the heterogenous porous nanoarrays,which not only facilitate the intercalation/extraction of ions but also relieve the stress generated during the electrochemical process.In addition,diverse prototypes of complementary multicolor ECD with excellent cycling stability(over thousands of cycles)and rich color variations(8 colors)were realized for the first time.We believe that our work put forward a general strategy for developing high-quality multicolor complementary electrochromic devices.

DHA induces adipocyte lipolysis through endoplasmic reticulum stress and the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway in grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)

Docosahexaenoic acid(DHA)is a biologically active fatty acid that reduces the accumulation of lipids.However,the molecular mechanism underlying this process,particularly in fish,is not well understood.Recent studies show that endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress triggers the activation of the unfolded protein response,which has been revealed to play an essential role in lipid metabolism.In this study,we explored the effect of DHA on ER stress and investigated the potential molecular mechanisms underlying DHA-induced adipocyte lipolysis in grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)both in vivo and in vitro.We found that DHA remarkably reduced the triglyceride content,increased the secretion of glycerol,pro-moted lipolysis in adipocytes and evoked ER stress,whereas inhibiting ER stress using 4-phenyl butyric acid(4-PBA)inhibited the effects of DHA(P<0.05).These results implied that ER stress potentially participates in DHA-induced adipocyte lipolysis.Additionally,STF-083010,a specific inositol-requiring enzyme 1a(IRE1a)-inhibitor,attenuated the effects of DHA on lipolysis,demonstrating that IRE1a and X-box binding protein 1 potentially participate in DHA-induced lipolysis.DHA also activated the cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)-dependent protein kinase A(PKA)pathway by increasing the level of cAMP and activating the PKA enzyme(P<0.05).Nevertheless,H89,a PKA inhibitor,weakened DHA-induced lipolysis by inhibiting the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway.Furthermore,inhibiting ER stress us-ing 4-PBA also inhibited lipolysis and alleviated DHA-induced activation of the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway,suggesting that ER stress may participate in DHA-induced lipolysis through the activation of the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway.Our data illustrate that DHA supplementation can be a promising nutritional strategy for ameliorating lipid accumulation in grass carp.The present study elucidated the molecular mechanism for DHA-induced lipolysis in grass carp adipocytes and emphasized the impor-tance of ER stress and the cAMP/PKA pathway in DHA-induced lipolysis.These results deepen our un-derstanding of ameliorating lipids deposition in freshwater fish by targeting DHA.