This paper describes the influences of active metal, promoter and chelating agent on the properties of hydro-desulfuri-zationcatalyst. The use of chelating agent, especially its combination with common promoters e.g.,...This paper describes the influences of active metal, promoter and chelating agent on the properties of hydro-desulfuri-zationcatalyst. The use of chelating agent, especially its combination with common promoters e.g., EDTA-P, has an important meaning to develop highly active catalyst, specifically to unify the active metal dispersion degree and sulfurization degree in some extent, however, they are contradictory in conventional cognition. In the aspect of carriers, composition and nanometer carriers have more excellent performances in acidity, pores structureand metal-carrier interaction than common carriers, and are the developing trend in the future and should be a breakthrough mainly in preparation methods. We also pointed out the decisive factors to improve the activity of the catalyst: higher sulfurization degree of active metal oxide and higher aspect ratios of active phase crystal morphology, and the proper acidity and pores structure can be considered the key factors for deep desulfurization whose mainly obstacle is the desulfurization of large rigid molecules, e.g., dibenzothiophene and 4, 6-dimethyl substituted dibenzothiophene. Based on above that, We discussed the suitable hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalyst for coal tar, aiming at providing some theoretical guidance for the “design” of coal tar HDS catalyst.展开更多
Background： The self-consciousness and practicality of preferentially prescribed essential medicines （EMs） are not high enough in county hospitals. The purposes of this study were to use the information-motivation-...Background： The self-consciousness and practicality of preferentially prescribed essential medicines （EMs） are not high enough in county hospitals. The purposes of this study were to use the information-motivation-behavioral skills （IM B） model to identify the predictors of essential medicines prescribing behavior （EMPB） among doctors and to examine the association between demographic variables, IMB, and EMPB. Methods： A cross-sectional study was carried out to assess predictive relationships among demographic variables and IM B model variables using an anonymous questionnaire administered in nine county hospitals of Anhui province. A structural equation model was constructed for the I MB model to test the instruments using analysis of moment structures 17.0. Results： A total of 732 participants completed the survey. The average age of the participants was 37.7 ± 8.9 years old （range： 22-67 years old）. The correct rate of information was 90.64%. The average scores of the motivation and behavioral skills were 45.46 a： 7.34 （hundred mark system： 75.77） and 19.92 ± 3.44 （hundred mark system： 79.68）, respectively. Approximately half（50.8%） of respondents reported that the proportion of EM prescription was below 60%. The final revised model indicated a good fit to the data （x^2/df= 4.146, goodness of fit index = 0.948, comparative fit index = 0.938, root mean square error of approximation = 0.066）. More work experience （β = 0.153, P 〈 0.001 ） and behavioral skills （β = 0.449, P 〈 0.001 ） predicted more EMPB. Higher income predicted less information （β = -0.197, P 〈 0.001） and motivation （β =0.204, P 〈 0.001 ）. Behavioral skills were positively predicted by information （β = 0.135, P 〈 0.001 ） and motivation （β = 0.742, P 〈 0.001 ）. Conclusion： The present study predicted some factors of EMPB, and specified the relationships among the model variables. The utilization rate of EM was not high enough. Motivation and behavior skills were crucial factors affecting EMPB. The influence of demographic variables, such as income and work experience, on EMPB should be fully appreciated. Comprehensive intervention measures should be implemented from multiple perspectives.展开更多
文摘This paper describes the influences of active metal, promoter and chelating agent on the properties of hydro-desulfuri-zationcatalyst. The use of chelating agent, especially its combination with common promoters e.g., EDTA-P, has an important meaning to develop highly active catalyst, specifically to unify the active metal dispersion degree and sulfurization degree in some extent, however, they are contradictory in conventional cognition. In the aspect of carriers, composition and nanometer carriers have more excellent performances in acidity, pores structureand metal-carrier interaction than common carriers, and are the developing trend in the future and should be a breakthrough mainly in preparation methods. We also pointed out the decisive factors to improve the activity of the catalyst: higher sulfurization degree of active metal oxide and higher aspect ratios of active phase crystal morphology, and the proper acidity and pores structure can be considered the key factors for deep desulfurization whose mainly obstacle is the desulfurization of large rigid molecules, e.g., dibenzothiophene and 4, 6-dimethyl substituted dibenzothiophene. Based on above that, We discussed the suitable hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalyst for coal tar, aiming at providing some theoretical guidance for the “design” of coal tar HDS catalyst.
基金This research was supported by grants from Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation （No. 1408085MG143）, Anhui Provincial Natural Science Research Project in Universities, Anhui Education Department （No. K J2013A162）, and National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 71473003）.Acknowledgment We would like to acknowledge the sampled hospitals, participants, team members, and undergraduates of the School of Health Services Management, Anhui Medical University for their support of and contributions to this research.
文摘Background： The self-consciousness and practicality of preferentially prescribed essential medicines （EMs） are not high enough in county hospitals. The purposes of this study were to use the information-motivation-behavioral skills （IM B） model to identify the predictors of essential medicines prescribing behavior （EMPB） among doctors and to examine the association between demographic variables, IMB, and EMPB. Methods： A cross-sectional study was carried out to assess predictive relationships among demographic variables and IM B model variables using an anonymous questionnaire administered in nine county hospitals of Anhui province. A structural equation model was constructed for the I MB model to test the instruments using analysis of moment structures 17.0. Results： A total of 732 participants completed the survey. The average age of the participants was 37.7 ± 8.9 years old （range： 22-67 years old）. The correct rate of information was 90.64%. The average scores of the motivation and behavioral skills were 45.46 a： 7.34 （hundred mark system： 75.77） and 19.92 ± 3.44 （hundred mark system： 79.68）, respectively. Approximately half（50.8%） of respondents reported that the proportion of EM prescription was below 60%. The final revised model indicated a good fit to the data （x^2/df= 4.146, goodness of fit index = 0.948, comparative fit index = 0.938, root mean square error of approximation = 0.066）. More work experience （β = 0.153, P 〈 0.001 ） and behavioral skills （β = 0.449, P 〈 0.001 ） predicted more EMPB. Higher income predicted less information （β = -0.197, P 〈 0.001） and motivation （β =0.204, P 〈 0.001 ）. Behavioral skills were positively predicted by information （β = 0.135, P 〈 0.001 ） and motivation （β = 0.742, P 〈 0.001 ）. Conclusion： The present study predicted some factors of EMPB, and specified the relationships among the model variables. The utilization rate of EM was not high enough. Motivation and behavior skills were crucial factors affecting EMPB. The influence of demographic variables, such as income and work experience, on EMPB should be fully appreciated. Comprehensive intervention measures should be implemented from multiple perspectives.
