汉江生态经济带景观生态风险与生态系统服务价值的时空变化及关联性

[目的]研究汉江生态经济带景观生态风险与生态系统服务价值的时空变化及关联性,不仅为区域生态安全及生态系统的可持续发展提供理论依据,也为经济带景观格局优化和土地资源合理配置提供理论支撑。[方法]基于生态系统服务价值当量表,对汉江生态经济带土地景观格局及生态系统服务价值进行了评估,分析二者之间的内在联系,揭示景观生态风险与生态系统服务价值的时空变化规律,探析了二者的互馈关系。[结果]①1990—2020年汉江生态经济带景观破碎度逐渐增强,景观生态风险有微增现象;空间上呈现“上游低风险,中游中高风险与低风险相伴,下游高风险”的格局。②1990—2020年汉江生态经济带生态系统服务价值有微增态势,增加了86.6亿元,年增长率为0.06%,其中调节服务的贡献率高达66.8%,支持服务贡献率为22.2%;空间上呈现“上游山区为中高值区,中游中高价值与低价值相伴生,下游低价值”的格局;③1990—2020年二者呈现负相关的波动性变化,低生态服务价值面临高生态风险,而高价值存在低生态风险,2005年以前显著性有所下降,2005年以后显著性有所上升。[结论]总体来看,应重视该经济带的生态系统整体性,加强流域内部的有机协同发展,上游重视生物多样性保护,下游加强生态空间用途管制,综合提高经济带生态系统服务价值。

Tourism spatial reconstruction of Chengde City under the influence of Holiday Tourism Circle of Beijing

Holiday Tourism Circle of Beijing (HTCB) is one of the nine key regions of Chinese tourism industry in the period of the 11th Five-Year Project. According to Tourist Marginal Utility Theory, Time-Distance Method is used to define HTCB in this paper. Chengde City, famous for its cultural tourism, is regard as one of the regions in Holiday Tourism Circle of Beijing. And this geographical advantage, in the context of the boom of tourism in China, is featured by the changes of tourist product structure and development model. In this paper, the influence upon Chengde tourism spatial structure has been discussed from tourist market, location and transportation. Chengde tourism spatial structure has been rebuilt with particular references to the factors of tourism destination district, tourist area, nodes, routes, and origin markets. In this paper, Chengde will develop tourism industry with the central heritage area as the center and northern forest and pasture area and southern mountain and lake area as the two wings.

我国粮食生产的耕地资源环境效应特征与代价分析

我国粮食产量逐年增长,但伴随形成的水土资源消耗和耕地环境负荷令人担忧。本文综述了近年来我国粮食生产的耕地资源环境效应基本情况,总体结论是化肥、农药、地膜等农业投入品过量使用所带来的环境负荷日趋严重。同时,对休耕模式和粮食主功能区调整这两项国家战略政策的资源消耗与环境效应进行了重点分析,建议逐步扩大在水资源超采区、重金属污染区、生态退化区等典型区域的休耕面积,积极谨慎地评估主功能区调整形成的潜在资源消耗缓解与环境效益提升作用。提出:改变以牺牲耕地资源环境为代价换取粮食持续增长、建立以资源环境效应评估为平衡点的粮食供需模式的时机已成熟,粮食生产的耕地资源环境效应,应纳入国家粮食战略安全保障整体计划中。

规划师视角下的乡村精准规划体系研究--以十八洞村为例

村庄规划是优化国土空间布局、实施乡村建设行动的关键抓手,而国土空间规划师对于保障村庄规划落地实施、推动脱贫攻坚与乡村振兴的有效衔接具有重要作用。文章重点分析了国土空间规划新时代下村庄规划对规划师的要求,从规划师视角梳理了乡村精准规划的基本内涵、体系架构等,并以十八洞村为例,从“一个目标”“两大基础”“三种方式”“四条路径”“五项重点”“六层转变”“七重角色”7个方面构建了乡村精准规划的“金字塔”体系,以期为规划师在规划编制、管理和决策中提供借鉴。

A Comprehensive Evaluation of Tourism Climate Suitability in Qinghai Province, China

Qinghai Province is an important component of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China. Scientific evaluation of the suitability of Qinghai's climate for tourism can contribute to overcoming obstacles posed by climate on sustainable tourism development in Qinghai Province, including disparities between the low and high seasons, high altitude health concerns, and weather events. A tourism climate suitability evaluation model of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is constructed (Tourism Climate Suitability Index, or TCSI), and tourism climate suitability is comprehensively evaluated for Qinghai Province from climate data from 1960 to 2009. Results show that: (I) There is clear distributional characteristics of spatial-temporal variability of TCSI values in Qinghai Province. (II) Tourism climate suitability in Qinghai Province has significant seasonal and regional differences. The year is divided into a very suitable period (July and August), suitable tourism periods (from April and October), less suitable periods (From Nov to Mar). June to August is the most suitable tourism period in Qinghai. Qinghai Province is divided into five levels of tourism climate suitability: most suitable regions, very suitable regions, suitable regions, less suitable regions, and unsuitable region. (III) The key factor which influences regional differences in tourism climatic suitability is atmospheric oxygen. And the key factors which chiefly influence seasonal differences of tourism climate suitability are temperature and humidity, the wind chill factor, and barrier weather.

Residents’ Attitudes Towards Tourism in a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems Pilot Site: a Case Study in China

Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) is a wide program to promote the conservation and adap-tive management of such systems and their associated landscapes, biodiversity, knowledge systems and cultures. Rice-Fish Systems (RFS) in Longxian village of China, as a traditional agricultural system, was selected as one of the five pilot sites of GIAHS in 2005. Researchers have paid more attention to the dynamic conser-vation and adaptive management of RFS because it is under severe threats from global development challenges. Tourism is suggested to be brought into the RFS conservation program as an alternative industry. This paper presents a comparative study of residents in three types of farm household in Longxian, seeking attitudes to the RFS conservation and tourism development and ways in which such information may guide future strategies. Results show resi-dents, belonging to the household type in which most family mem-bers are abroad, have the most positive attitudes to RFS conserva-tion and tourism development; while residents, as other household type in which less than 50% of family members are abroad, are the least sensitive group in these three household types, due to the motivation of moving abroad weakening their enthusiasm to participate in the local activities. Implications are discussed in the context of how resident attitudes will affect the future manage-ment of GIAHS conservation and tourism development, and then measures are put forward to foster tourism cooperation and multi-stakeholders process establishment.

Value of Ecosystem Services in Conventional and Organic Rice Paddies:A Case Study in Wannian,Jiangxi,China

In the current study,the ecosystem services(ES) of conventional and organic rice paddies in Wannian,Jiangxi Province,China are investigated.First,the ES at the field level under organic and conventional paddies were investigated.Total economic value of ES in organic rice paddies was 30093.08 yuan RMB/ha per year and that of conventional rice paddies was 22 793.31 yuan RMB/ha per year.The total indirect value of ES was 14 813.7 yuan RMB/ha per year in organic rice paddies and 12 424.56 yuan RMB/ha per year in conventional ones.There were significant differences between organic and conventional rice paddies for the economic values.Then,this economic information was used to extrapolate and to calculate the total and indirect value of ES from rice paddies in Wangnian.The total and indirect economic values of ES from conventional rice paddies in Wannian were 6791 million and 3702 million yuan RMB per year respectively,and the total and indirect economic values of ES from organic rice paddies in Wannian were 1311 million and 646 million yuan RMB per year.If half the area had being converted to organic farming in Wannian,the total and indirect economic values of ES from conventional rice paddies were 3397 million and 1851 million yuan RMB per year,and the total and indirect economic values of ES from organic rice paddies were 5794 million and 2852 million yuan RMB per year.Finally,the total economic value of ES in rice paddies in Wannian was demonstrated through geographic information system techniques.

Approach to the Geopolitical Influences of Great Powers in Southeast Asia: Case Studies of China and the US

A quantitative approach to the national geopolitical influence is helpful to provide a reference for national sustainable development on the international stage, based on describing national diplomatic capacity and overseas influence. Herein, this study proposes a complex geopolitical influence model, considering the affected nations' response. The geopolitical influences of great power in the affected nation are correlated with overall strength, the acceptance degree of the affected nation to the great power and the distance between both sides. Then, the geopolitical influences of China and the US in Southeast Asia countries are empirically analyzed from 2005 to 2015. The geopolitical influence of China in Southeast Asia has been largely growing for the past decades, accompanying with a constant trend of the US' effects. It is believed that China and the US can coexist peacefully in Southeast Asia to promote the regional development, and jointly create an open, inclusive and balanced regional cooperation architecture that benefits all nations in this region and great powers, through mutual political trust and economic beneficial cooperation. This study may contribute to advancing the policy debate and determining the optimal cooperation in pledging commitment to a new and sustainable model of great power relationship among the various regional geopolitical options.

A theoretical model for assessing the sustainability of ecosystem services

The Value of the World's Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital by Costanza in 1997 is generally re-garded as a monument for the research of valuing ecosystem services. However, the classif ication of ecosystem ser-vices, the method of various services summation and the purpose for static global value had be confronted by many criticisms. Based on the summary of these criticisms, suggestions, related function assessment and further study direction, the sustainability of ecosystem services is presented. The two basic indicators in ecology, productivity and biodiversity, respectively charactering the ability of producing and self-organizing, not only represent the internal function of ecosystem, but also are proportioned to its external function of supporting and providing for human life. On presenting the general form of ecosystem services assessment, this paper improves the mathematical formula by giving a function adjusting coeff icient composed of productivity and biodiversity. Theoretically, the integration of the two indicators reflects the changes of ecosystem services at spatial and temporal scales, can physically assess the sustainability of ecosystem services, and build a f irm scientif ic fundament of value assessment for ecosystem services. Objectively, its application should be strictly tested in next step.

Evaluation of regional tourism competitiveness:a case study of southwest China

Evaluation of regional tourism competitiveness has been a hot issue of tourism geography and regional economics in recent years. This study introduces system theory and Professor Porter's National Diamond Model into constructing the evaluation index system of regional tourism competitiveness, which includes four decisive factors, namely production factor, market, industry and support competitiveness. And by comprehensive use of subjective and objective methods like Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Analysis Hierarchy Process (AHP) the appraised values were calculated. At the same time, the method was applied to dynamic demonstration analysis of the tourism competitiveness of the provinces in Southwest China from 2001 to 2005. The result shows that their tourism comprehensive competitiveness has distinct differences. The comprehensive competitiveness of Sichuan and Yunnan are better, Chongqing and Guangxi are in the middle, and Guizhou and Tibet are weak. According to the competitiveness ranks in 2001-2005, comprehensive, production factor, industry and support competitiveness changed a little and market competitiveness changed a lot. This competitive pattern has been made mostly because natural resource conditions and economic development levels of the provinces are very different and are difficult to be changed in a short period.

A dynamic analysis of water footprint of Jinghe River basin

Water footprint in a region is defined as the volume of water needed for the production of goods and services consumed by the local people. Ecosystem services are a kind of important services, so ecological water use is one necessary component in water footprint. Water footprint is divided into green water footprint and blue water footprint but the former one is often ignored. In this paper water footprint includes blue water needed by ag-ricultural irrigation, industrial and domestic water demand, and green water needed by crops, economic forests, livestock products, forestlands and grasslands. The study calculates the footprint of the Jinghe River basin in 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005 with quarto methods. Results of research show that water footprints reached 164.1×108m3, 175.69×108m3 and 178.45×108m3 respectively in 1990, 1995 and 2000 including that of ecological water use, but reached 77.68×108m3, 94.24×108m3, 92.92×108m3 and 111.36×108m3 respectively excluding that of ecological water use. Green water footprint is much more than blue water footprint; thereby, green water plays an important role in economic development and ecological construction. The dynamic change of water footprints shows that blue water use increases rapidly and that the ecological water use is occupied by economic and domestic water use. The change also shows that water use is transferred from primary industry to secondary industry. In primary industry, it is trans-ferred from crops farming to forestry and animal agriculture. The factors impelling the change include development anticipation on economy, government policies, readjustment of the industrial structure, population growth, the raise of urbanization level, and structural change of consumption, low level of water-saving and poor ability of waste wa-ter treatment. With blue water use per unit, green water use per unit, blue water use structure and green water use structure, we analyzed the difference of the six ecological function districts of the Jinghe River basin. Future ecologi-cal construction may influence on blue water use of District V and District VI at middle and lower reaches. At last some suggestions are given for effective water resource use.

Sustainable tourism development of globally important agricultural heritage sites:a case study of "traditional rice-fish agriculture system"

Traditional rice-fish agricultural heritage site in Qingtian County, China, one of the pilot sites of Glob-ally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS), is of great value in tourism development. This paper aims to explore how to realize sustainable tourism development in agricultural heritage site through identifying current problems in GIAHS site, and making constructive recommendations for coupled development of heritage preserva-tion and economic development. Field survey was carried out and data was collected through fi eld questionnaire surveys of tourists and residents in Longxian Village of Qingtian County, as well as interviews of residents with semi-structured questionnaires for their perceptions and attitudes to tourism development. The following results are got: (1) the tourism industry is still at its early state of Nongjiale tourism (enjoy and experience authentic country life-style), under very limited administrative management; (2) what attracts visitors most are delicious f ish and beautiful natural environment, but not agricultural heritage itself; (3) most tourists come from adjacent areas and stay only half a day, many of whom pay their visits twice or more; (4) a few local residents take part in the activities of tourism industry, but in very limited manners even if they do. Current patterns of tourism development are casting negative impacts on agricultural heritage. Conservation of agricultural heritage should be put in the fi rst place for sustainable tourism development. Agricultural heritage, as a key attraction, should be taken as the focus for tourism development. The important thing is to change the present Nongjiale tourism into real heritage tourism, to establish a cooperative mechanism among different stakeholders, and to increase local residents' income through engaging in tourism industry.

The Dual Model for Tourism Resource Productivity Improvement

For natural resource science, resource productivity studying is an important subject. But researches on tourism resource productivity are limited. The most significant influencing factor on tourism resource productivity is the potential market scale of tourist locations, and second most important influencing factor is the resource endowment. Regional urban population is significantly correlated with region tourist numbers, being the decisive factor of region potential tour market scale. In tourism development, the dual model should be adopted: on one hand to enhance tour spot attractiveness, on the other hand to cultivate the potential market by improving urbanization level and other means. In the situation of tourism development fever spreading, the dual model for improving tourism productivity helps to avoid the "Great Leap Forward" which means that too rapid tourism construction divorces from actual market demand.

On scientif ic expedition tourism of desert region:a case of eastern Ulan Buh Inner Mongolia

Desert-based adventure tourism is a rapidly expanding tourism market segment after the late 20th century around the world.Perhaps the most signif icant factor in the development of desert adventure tourism is the extent to which common tourists are really engaged in scientif ic expedition.Inner Mongolia has long been considered as the resources accumulation area of desert tourism.The investigation on the Ulan Buh Desert has discovered that the desert animals,the vegetation,the insects,the fungus,the landform and the climate are impressive for both the researchers and the mass tourists.After the resources investigation a survey was carried out in 2007 to get the detailed information of the tourists' attitude toward the planning desert scientif ic product in the Ulan Buh Desert.Based on the resources and market analysis,this paper tries to make a planning of the desert scientif ic expedition tour of the Ulan Buh Desert.The planning includes the functional division,expedition route design,tour-explaining system,facility of safety guaranty and service planning,and the professional training base.

Ecological footprint analysis on the traditional rice-fish agricultural area:a case study of Qingtian County,Zhejiang Province,China

Qingtian County of Zhejiang Province,China has maintained the traditional rice-fish agriculture for about 2,000 years and formed exceptional cultural heritage based on this kind of production mode,so it was selected by FAO as a pilot site for the rice-fish agricultural heritage systems in 2005.This research has applied the indicators of ecological footprint and biocapacity to monitor the environmental conditions of Qingtian County,aiming to find the impact that the traditional agricultural production mode and the local inhabitants lifestyle have placed on the local environmental conditions as well as the role they have played in maintaining ecological balance,cultural inheritance and regional sustainable development.Results show that Qingtian County is characterized by a nearly breakeven total ecological balance,as opposed to Zhejiang Province,the world and other agricultural regions.However,compared with another rice-fish agricultural region,Congjiang County which enjoys a considerable ecological reserve,Qingtian County has consumed a greater amount of environmental resources.Specifically,about half of the ecological footprint of Qingtian County can be attributed to the cropland(50.8%)while the CO2 area only accounts for 11.2%,which is dramatically different from that of the modern industrialized regions.And a vast of percentage of energy is caused by the combustion of fuelwood which not only requires the land to absorb the CO2 emission it has generated but also occupies the forest where it has been chopped.

Application of ecological footprint in ecological industrial systems:a study case of maize-MSG production systems

To improve the comparability of the research results of ecological industry, the ecological footprint is appliedto analyze the resource utilization and environmental pollution in various subsystems, taking maize-MSG as a case.Results show that the production process from maize to MSG is a extended process of ecological footprint, and that theecological footprint of the maize production is the biggest; the extension of ecological footprint is followed by the increaseof footprint profit, which means that the extension of production chain is an important method to improve the resourcesprofit; the systems have a big proportion of the indirect energy ecological footprint; the air and water pollution in MSGsubsystem is the most serious. At last, it can be identified that ecological footprint is a good method to measure resourceutilization and environmental pollution in various subsystems of an integrated ecological industry.

Review of tourism resources valuation

Tourism resources valuation is now a hot issue of the science of tourism resources, resources economics and environmental economics. This paper reviews research progress on tourism resources valuation, introduces its theo- retic basis, and elaborates two classical valuation methods: TCM and CVM. And two existing problems are discussed. Firstly, tourism resources value constitution system is still under dispute. This paper puts forward the value constitution system based on present value categories. Secondly, tourism resources valuation methods need further studies because both TCM and CVM have deficiencies. Finally, the paper points out the development direction of tourism resources valuation.

现阶段我国《反食品浪费法》推进的问题及建议

粮食安全是国家安全的基础,食物浪费和损失威胁国家粮食安全。开展反食物浪费和粮食节约减损工作,对保障国家粮食安全具有重大的战略意义。《中华人民共和国反食品浪费法》的颁布与实施,标志着我国反食物浪费由道德约束转向法制治理。然而目前该法在实施过程中仍存在工作权责、标准体系缺失、基础数据统计体系尚未建立和科学研究支撑有待加强等问题。有关部门应通过采取加强相关科学研究、加强食物浪费的监测与评估、落实相关细则、加强相关部门联动、加强反食物浪费的宣传与教育、加强法律的实施监督等措施,以指导和助推《反食品浪费法》的落地与实施。

基于社会网络分析的东南亚地缘关系研究

在全球化背景下,考察国家间地缘关系需将其置于宏观地缘格局中。安全等传统地缘政治因素仍对世界格局的变化起着重要推动作用,不可忽视。鉴于此,本文构建了地缘系统视角下地缘关系分析框架,结合社会网络分析方法,定量研究冷战后东南亚地缘系统内地缘经济和地缘政治(安全)关系的整体与结构特征,测度系统内各国在经济和安全上的权力特征以及依赖关系,并初步探索东南亚地缘政治(安全)依赖关系形成机制。结果显示:(1)冷战后东南亚地缘系统内对东南亚10国地缘经济权力总和最高国家的转移路径是从日本到美国再到中国;对东南亚10国地缘政治(安全)权力总和最高的国家始终是美国,2005年以后中国跃居至第二位,但与美国还有明显差距。在地缘经济领域,东南亚国家总体上对中国的依赖水平最高;在地缘政治(安全)领域,东南亚各国对美国及其盟友英、法、德等国的依赖较高,中俄也不可忽视;"东南亚在经济上靠中国、安全上靠美国"的地缘政治论述可见一斑。(2)国家实力差异是产生安全依赖关系的根本动力;国家间地理距离可以调节安全依赖的具体方向;国家的政治地理属性差异是形成安全依赖和影响安全依赖程度的重要条件。

新时代中国国民营养与粮食安全研究中的关键科学问题——第249期“双清论坛”综述

国民营养和粮食安全是关系国家经济发展和社会安全稳定的重大基础性和战略性问题。国家自然科学基金委员会2019年11月召开了以"新时代国民营养与粮食安全"为主题的第249期双清论坛。会议围绕国家需求和国际前沿,聚焦"国民膳食、营养、健康变迁与可持续发展"和"粮食可持续供需格局与保障"两大议题进行了深入研讨,凝练出该领域科学研究的热点、难点,包括国民膳食营养特征和精准化评价与需求、基于营养健康和粮食安全的粮食中长期需求预测、营养健康导向的动物性食物与饲料粮需求、营养目标与资源环境双重约束的粮食供给优化、新技术支撑下粮食绿色控制与系统治理、新时代面向国民营养与粮食安全的绿色消费体系与模式等,并就该主题如何开展多学科交叉研究项目部署,聚焦及分步重点突破关键科学问题,从而助力建成满足新时代国民营养需求与可持续发展的国家粮食安全体系提出建议。