Impact of thymosinα1 as an immunomodulatory therapy on long-term survival of non-small cell lung cancer patients after R0 resection:a propensity score-matched analysis

Background:There is limited information about thymosinα1(Tα1)as adjuvant immunomodulatory therapy,either used alone or combined with other treatments,in patients with non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).This study aimed to evaluate the effect of adjuvant Tα1 treatment on long-term survival in margin-free(R0)-resected stage IA–IIIA NSCLC patients.Methods:A total of 5746 patients with pathologic stage IA-IIIA NSCLC who underwent R0 resection were included.The patients were divided into the Tα1 group and the control group according to whether they received Tα1 or not.A propensity score matching(PSM)analysis was performed to reduce bias,resulting in 1027 pairs of patients.Results:After PSM,the baseline clinicopathological characteristics were similar between the two groups.The 5-year disease-free survival(DFS)and overall survival(OS)rates were significantly higher in the Tα1 group compared with the control group.The multivariable analysis showed that Tα1 treatment was independently associated with an improved prognosis.A longer duration of Tα1 treatment was associated with improved OS and DFS.The subgroup analyses showed that Tα1 therapy could improve the DFS and/or OS in all subgroups of age,sex,Charlson Comorbidity Index(CCI),smoking status,and pathological tumor-node-metastasis(TNM)stage,especially for patients with non-squamous cell NSCLC and without targeted therapy.Conclusion:Tα1 as adjuvant immunomodulatory therapy can significantly improve DFS and OS in patients with NSCLC after R0 resection,except for patients with squamous cell carcinoma and those receiving targeted therapy.The duration of Tα1 treatment is recommended to be>24 months.

Nitrate signaling:A translator between nitrate perception and calcium signaling

Nitrate(N03^(-))is one primary nitrogen source for plants and also serves as a signal to modulate plant growth and development.NRT1.1(also called CHL1 or NPF6.3)is an essential nitrate transporter resident at the plasma membrane(Ho et al.,2009).Apart from the role in nitrate uptake,NRT1.1 also regulates a set.of nitrate-responsive genes,functioning as a nitrate sensor,namely transceptor(Ho et al.,2009;Bouguyon et al.,2015).